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Regulation of Proteolysis in Vascular Remodeling

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Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunction

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease ((ABHD,volume 8))

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Abstract

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the scaffolding on which cells adhere and is comprised of fibrous proteins (such as collagens and elastin), proteoglycans, and water. Matrix–cell adhesion provides essential cell survival cues and the matrix sequesters various growth factors that can regulate the behavior of adjacent cells. However, the matrix, and in particular, the basement membrane, presents a confining barrier that limits vascular cell movement. Thus, reorganization of the ECM is an essential step in vascular remodeling processes. ECM proteolysis allows for sprouting angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in response to physiological stimuli, such as increased blood flow or increased metabolic activity. However, unregulated extracellular matrix degradation is associated with vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, tumor angiogenesis, and thrombosis. In this review, we describe the structure and function of the major matrix protease families secreted by endothelial cells: the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin system. We also discuss the function and regulation of the endogenous protease inhibitors, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs). The equilibrium between proteases and inhibitors plays an integral role in establishing the maintenance and structural remodeling of the vasculature. We review the regulation of these proteases and their inhibitors in vascular cells, particularly in response to altered shear stress. The specific involvement of members of the MMP/TIMP system and the PA/plasmin/PAI system proteases in vascular remodeling of capillaries (angiogenesis) and arteries (arteriogenesis) are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

ERM and CU contributed equally to the manuscript. TLH is funded by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada Grant in Aid (NA 7059) and National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant.

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  1. Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Rm. 341, Farquharson Building, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, Canada, M6J1P3

    Erin R. Mandel, Cassandra Uchida & Tara L. Haas

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  1. Erin R. Mandel
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Correspondence to Tara L. Haas .

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  1. St. Boniface Hosp. Research, Univ. of Ma Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla

  2. Dept of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

    Sajal Chakraborti

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Mandel, E.R., Uchida, C., Haas, T.L. (2014). Regulation of Proteolysis in Vascular Remodeling. In: Dhalla, N., Chakraborti, S. (eds) Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunction. Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, vol 8. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9099-9_16

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