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Combinatorial Identification and Optimization of New Oxide Semiconductors

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Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

Part of the book series: Electronic Materials: Science & Technology ((EMST,volume 102))

Abstract

The “Achilles Heel” of solar energy is the need for storage to allow for energy utilization for transportation and nighttime use. Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier that can be stored and transported. Therefore, cost-effective generation of hydrogen with sunlight via water photoelectrolysis is the critical breakthrough needed for transition to a renewable energy-based hydrogen economy. A semiconductor-based photoelectrolysis system may have cost advantages over using either a photovoltaic cell coupled to an electrolyzer or solar thermochemical cycles for water splitting. Unfortunately, there is no known semiconducting material or combination of materials with the electronic properties and stability required to efficiently and economically photoelectrolyze water. Semiconducting oxides can have the required stability but present theoretical methods are insufficient to a priori identify materials with the required properties. Most likely, any useful material will be a complex oxide containing many elements whereby each contributes to the required material properties such as light absorption across the solar spectrum, stability, and electrocatalytic activity. The large number of possible multicomponent metal oxides, even if only ternary or quaternary materials are considered, points to the use of high-throughput combinatorial methods to discover and optimize candidate materials. In this chapter, we will review some techniques for the combinatorial production and screening of metal oxides for their ability to efficiently split water with sunlight.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We purposely do not include toxic metals such as Pb, Tl, Cd, and Hg since we envision eventual large-scale implementation of any discovered photocatalysts and we want to avoid the environmental consequences of these elements.

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  1. Department of Chemistry and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA

    Bruce A. Parkinson

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  1. Dept. Chemical Technology, Particle Technology Group, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, Delft, 2628 BL, Netherlands

    Roel van de Krol

  2. Fac. Sciences de Base, Inst. Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, CH G1 525, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

    Michael Grätzel

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Parkinson, B.A. (2012). Combinatorial Identification and Optimization of New Oxide Semiconductors. In: van de Krol, R., Grätzel, M. (eds) Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production. Electronic Materials: Science & Technology, vol 102. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1380-6_6

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