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The Role of Biomechanics in Functional Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage

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Frontiers in Biomedical Engineering

Abstract

Articular cartilage is a biomaterial with a complex compositional makeup, intricate molecular and ultrastructural architecture, and nonlinear functional biomechanical properties. These characteristics endow the tissue with a variety of biomechanical, physicochemical and electromechanical properties that are heterogeneous (i.e., vary with depth), and anisotropic (i.e., vary with direction). These heterogeneities and anisotropics make the mechanical behavior of the tissue very complex, and they are governed mainly by the collagen fibril and proteoglycan molecular organizations, and their distributions throughout the depth of the tissue. In addition to these distinct zonal compositional and micro-structural features, the chondrocytes (i.e., the terminally differentiated cells that populate articular cartilage) embedded within the extracellular matrix of the tissue are also stratified with depth in terms of morphology and biological function. There are basically three uncalcified layers, with the chondrocytes in each layer possessing different gene expressions. In their location within the tissue, chondrocytes are responsible for the compositional maintenance and bio-macromolecular organization of the tissue. In addition, compositionally, the most abundant element of normal articular cartilage is water (~78%). Water serves, in normal articular cartilage, as the dominant element of physiologic load support, and provides the necessary and efficient mechanism for joint lubrication. The load support function is most important because water shields the soft extracellular matrix from the high stresses that would have been developed by the extremely high loads of normal joint articulation. The development of experimental and theoretical methodologies to understand the functions of such complex biological materials (i.e., heterogeneous, anisotropic and multiphasic) requires sophisticated undertakings in biomechanics and mathematics. Also, biologically, any cellular based therapy for repair, regeneration and maintenance of articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints must therefore replicate not only the biological and biomaterial characteristics of the tissue, but also its biomechanical functional properties. This chapter will present an up-to-date review of the state of knowledge of functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage and many of the basic science and engineering requirements that are needed to fill the gaps that are currently needed to make such engineered tissue constructs useful clinical realities in restoring function to injured and arthritic joints.

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  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York

    Van C. Mow Ph.D.

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  1. X. Edward Guo
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    Ned H. C. Hwang

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Guo, X.E., Lu, H.H., Likhitpanichkul, M., Mow, V.C. (2003). The Role of Biomechanics in Functional Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage. In: Hwang, N.H.C., Woo, S.LY. (eds) Frontiers in Biomedical Engineering. Topics in Biomedical Engineering International Book Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8967-3_3

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