Abstract
Molecular electronics has lately attracted increasing attention due to some appealing features such as possibly very higher integration capabilities, their low production cost, flexibility in the substrate choice, and possibility for large-area deployment. Two parallel approaches characterize this field: on one side molecules can be contacted and their transport characteristics exploited to achieve electronic functionalities; on the other side existing device structures, as well as novel ones, can be realized using organic layers instead of or together with inorganic materials. While in the latter case theoretical investigations on such devices can be carried out on adapting conventional simulators to the new materials and physics involved, completely new tools have to be developed in the former case. In this chapter, the operational principles of molecular systems will be presented based on a series of theoretical results obtained from our groups. Challenges and perspectives are also discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Heath, J.R., Ratner, M.A.: Phys. Today 56, 43 (2003)
Reimers, J.R., Picconnatto, C.A., Ellenbogen, J.C., Shashidhar, R. (eds.): Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1006, 227 (2003)
Tour, J.: Molecular Electronics: Commercial Insights, Chemistry, Devices, Architecture and Programming. World Scientific, Singapore (2003)
Cuniberti, G., Fagas, G., Richter, K. (eds.): Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 680. Springer, Berlin (2005)
Heath, J.R., Kuekes, P.J., Snider, G.S., Williams, R.S.: Science 280, 1716 (1998)
Wada, Y., Proc. IEEE 89, 8 (2001)
Tour, J.M., Zandt, W.L., Husband, C.P., Husband, S.M., Wilson, L.S., Franzon, P.D., Nackashi, D.P.: IEEE Trans. Nanotech. 1, 2 (2002)
Macucci, M., Iannacone, G., Bonci, L., Girlanda, M.: IEE Proc. Circuit Dev. Syst. 151, 5 (2004)
Chaudhary, A., Chen, D.Z., Hu, X.S., Niemeier, M.T., Ravichandran, R., Whitton, K.: IEEE Trans. Comp. Aided Des. Int. Cir. Sys. 26, 11 (2007)
Aviram, A., Ratner, M.A.: Chem. Phys. Lett. 29, 277 (1974)
Ellenbogen, J.C., Love, J.C.: Proc. IEEE 88(3), 386 (2000)
Husband, C.P., Husband, S.M., Daniels, J.S., Tour, J.M.: IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 50(9), 1865 (2003)
Skoeldberg, J., Önnheim, C., Wendin, G.: IEEE Trans. Circiuts. Syst. I 54, 2461 (2007)
Kouchi Zhang, G.Q., Graef, M., van Roosmalen, F.: Proceedings IEEE 56th Electr. Comp. Tech. Conf. San Diego, CA, 151–157 (2006)
Lent, C.S., Tougaw, P.D., Porod, W., Bernstein, G.: Nanotechnology 4, 49 (1993)
Stan, M.R., Franzon, P.D., Goldstein, S.C., Lach, J.C., Ziegler, M.M.: Proc. IEEE 91(11), 1940 (2003)
Kuekes, P.J., Stewar, D.R., Williams, R.S.: Appl. J. Phys. 97, 034301 (2005)
Walus, K., Jullien, G.A.: Proc. IEEE 94(6), 1225 (2006)
Porod, W., Csaba, G., Csurgay, A.: Proceedings of the 2002 7th IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications, 2002. Frankfurt/Main CNNA (2002)
Burke, P.J., Li, S., Yu, Z.: IEEE Trans. Nanotech. 5(4) (2006)
Strukov, D.B., Likharev, K.K.: Nanotechnology 16, 888 (2005)
Strukov, D.B., Likharev, K.K.: IEEE Trans. Nanotech. 6(6), 696 (2007)
Proceedings of the IEEE (vol. 97, no. 9) on Organic Electronics, September 2009
Forrest, R.: IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Elect. 6(6), 1072 (2000)
Haensch, W.: The Drift Diffusion Equation and its Applications in MOSFET Modeling, Springer, Wien (1991)
Erlen, C., Lugli, P.: IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 56, 546 (2009)
Klauk, H., Halik, M., Zschieschang, U., Eder, F., Rohde, D., Schmid, G., Dehm, C.: IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 52(4), 618 (2005)
Fix, W., Ullmann, A., Ficker, J., Clemens, W.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(9), 1735 (2002)
Brandbyge, M., Mozos, J.L., Ordejon, P., Taylor, J., Stokbro, K.: Phys. Rev. B 65(165) 401(2002)
Datta, S.: Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1995)
Tian, W., Datta, S., Hong, S., Reifenberger, R., Henderson, J.I., Kubiak, C.P.: J. Chem. Phys. 109, 2874 (1998)
Reed, M.A., Chen, J., Rawlett, A.M., Prince, D.W., Tour, J.M.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3735 (2001)
Csaba, G., Lugli, P.: IEEE Trans. Nanotech. 8(3), (May 2009)
Chen, Y., Jung, G.-Y., Ohlberg, D.A.A, Li, X., Stewart, D.R., Jeppesen, J.O., Nielsen, K.A., Stoddart, J.F., Williams, R.S.: Nanotech. 14, 462 (2003)
Kushmerick, J.G., Holt, D.B., Pollack, S.K., Ratner, M.A., Yang, J.C., Schull, T.L., Naciri, J., Moore, M.H., Shshidhar, R.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 10654 (2002)
Reichert, J., Ochs, R., Beckmann, D., Weber, H.B., Mayor, M., Loehneysen, H.v.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 176804 (2002)
Xue, Y., Datta, S., Ratner, M.A.: J. Chem. Phys. 115, 4292 (2001)
Di Ventra, M., Pantelides, S.T., Lang, N.D.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 979 (2000)
Frauenheim, T., Seifert, G., Elstner, M., Niehaus, T., Kohler, C., Amkreutz, M., Sternberg, M., Hajnal, Z., Di Carlo, A., Suhai, S.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, 3015 (2002)
Pecchia, A., Gheorghe, M., Di Carlo, A., Lugli, P., Niehaus, T.A., Frauenheim, Th., Scholz, R.: Phys. Rev. B. 68, 235321 (2003)
Di Carlo, A., Gheorghe, M., Lugli, P., Stenberg, M., Seifert, G., Frauenheim, Th.: Physica B 314, 86 (2002)
Lugli, P., Pecchia, A., Gheorghe, M., Latessa, L., Di Carlo, A.: Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S357 (2004)
Elstner, M., Porezag, D., Jungnickel, G., Elsner, J., Haugk, M., Frauenheim, Th., Suhai, S., Seifert, G.: Phys. Rev. B 58, 7260 (1998)
Porezag, D., Frauenheim, Th., Koehler, Th., Seifert, G., Kaschner, R.: Phys. Rev. B 51(12), 947 (1995)
Frauenheim, T., Seifert, G., Elstner, M., Niehaus, T., Kohler, C., Amkreutz, M., Sternberg, M., Hajnal, Z., Di Carlo, A., Suhai, S.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 14, 3015 (2002)
Xue, Y., Datta, S., Ratner, M.: Chem. J. Phys. 281, 151 (2002)
Di Carlo, A., Pecchia, A., Latessa, L., Frauenheim, T., Gotthard Seifert, Introducing Molecular Electronics, Lecture Notes in Phys. 680/2005, 153–184 (2005) DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31514-4_6
Pecchia, A., Di Carlo, A., Gagliardi, A., Sanna, S., Frauenheim, T., Gutierrez, R.: Nano Lett. 4, 2109 (2004)
Pecchia, A., Di Carlo, A., Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 1497 (2004)
Maragakis, P., Barnett, R.L., Kaxiras, E., Elstner, M., Frauenheim, T.: Phys. Rev. B 66(241) 104 (2002)
Porezag, D., Pederson, M.R., Frauenheim, Th., Köhler, Th.: Phys. Rev. B 52, 14963 (1995)
Pecchia, A., Latessa, L., Gagliardi, A., Frauenheim, Th., Di Carlo, A.: Chapter 8 The gDFTB tool for molecular electronics. In: Molecular and Nano Electronics: Analysis, Design and Simulation. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Vol. 17, Pages 205–232 (2007). doi:10.1016/S1380-7323(07)80026-4
Caroli, C., Combescot, R., Nozieres, P., Saint-James, D.: J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 5, 21 (1972)
Galperin, M., Ratner, M., Nitzan, A.: Nano Lett. 4, 1605 (2004)
Faleev, S.V., Stockman, M.I.: Phys. Rev. B 66(085) 318 (2002)
Fetter, A.L., Walecka, J.D.: Quantum Theory of Many Particle Systems. Dover, New York, NY (1971)
Mahan, D.M.: Many Particle Physics. Plenum Press, New York NY (1981)
Haung, H., Jauho, A.P.: Quantum Kinetics in Transport and Optics of Semiconductors, vol. 123. Springer Series in Solid State Science Springer, NY (1996)
Schuster, S., Scarpa, G., Latessa, L., Lugli, P.: Phys. Stat. Solid C 5, 390 (2008)
Crljen, Z., Grigoriev, A., Wendin, G., Stokbro, K.: Phys. Rev. B 71, 165316 (2005)
Erlen, C., Lugli, P., Pecchia, A., Di Carlo, A.: Chapter 19 of Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook. CRC Press (2007)
Solomon, G.C., Gagliardi, A., Pecchia, A., Frauenheim, T., Di Carlo, A., Reimers, J.R., Hush, N.S.: J. Chem. Phys. 124, 094704 (2006)
Meir, Y., Wingreen, N.S.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2512 (1992)
Elbing, M., Ochs, R., Koentopp, M., Fischer, M., von Hänisch, C., Weigend, F., Evers, F., Weber, H.B., Mayor, M.: PNAS 102(25), 8815–8820 (2005)
Oleynik, I.I., Kozhushner, M.A., Posvyanskii, V.S., Yu, L.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 096803 (2006)
Stadler, R., Geskin, V., Cornil, J.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20, 374105 (2008)
Tao, N.J.: Nature Nanotechnol. 1, 173 (2006)
Tans, S.J., Verschueren, A.R.M., Dekker, C.: Nature 393 (7 May 1998)
Song, H., Kim, Y., Jang, Y.H., Jeong, H., Reed, M.A., Lee, T.: Nature 462(24/31) (December 2009)
Lortscher, E., Ciszek, J.W., Tour, J., Riel, H.: Small 2(8–9), 973–977 (2006)
Chen, Y., Jung, G.-Y., Ohlberg, D.A.A., Li, X., Stewart, D.R., J.O, Jeppesen, K.A, Nielsen, Stoddart, J.F., Stanley Williams, R.: Nanotechnology 14, 462–468 (2003)
Kuekes, P.J., Stewart, D.R., Williams, R.S.: J. Appl. Phys. 97, 034301 (2005)
Stan, M.R., Franzon, P.D., Goldstein, S.C., Lach, J.C., Ziegler, M.M.: Proc. IEEE 91(11), 1940–1957 (2003)
DeHon, A., Goldstein, S.C., Kuekes, P.J., Lincoln, P.: IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 4(2), 215–228 (March 2005)
Coker, A., Taylor, V., Bhaduri, D., Shukla, S., Raychowdhury, A., Roy, K.: IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7, 202–208 (March 2008)
Ziegler, M.M., Stan, M.R.: IEEE-NANO 2002. Proceedings of the 2002 2nd IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, Washington, D.C. 323–327 (2002)
Ziegler, M.M., Stan, M.R.: IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2(4), 217–230 (December 2003)
Amsinck, C., Di Spigna, N., Sonkusale, S., Nackashi, D., Franzon, P.: 3rd Workshop on Nonsilicon Computation Munich, Germany (NSC-3,2004)
Cerofolini, G.F., Romano, E.: Appl. Phys. A 91, 181–210 (2008)
Cerofolini, G.F., Arena, G., Camalleri, C.M., Galati, C., Reina, S., Renna, L., Mascolo, D.: Nanotechnology 16 1040–1047 (2005)
Cerofolini, G.F., Mascolo, D.: Semicond. Sci. Technol. 21, 1315–1325 (2006)
Vollhardt, K.P.C.: Organische Chemie. VCH-Verlag, Weinheim (1990)
Bruetting, W.: Physics of Organic Semiconductors. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2005)
Hirsch, J.: J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 12 (1979)
Epstein, A.J., Lee, W.P., Prigodin, V.N.: Synt. Met. 117, 9–13 (2001)
Zaumseil, J., Sirringhaus, H.: IEEE Trans. Semiconduct. Manufact. 14(3), 281–296 (2001)
Pope, M., Swenberg, C.E.: Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, NY (2002)
Baessler, H., Schoenherr, G., Abkowitz, M., Pai, D.M.: Phys. Rev. B 26(6), 3105–3113 (1982)
Bolognesi, A., Di Carlo, A., Lugli, P., Conte, G.: Synth. Met. 138, 95–100 (2003)
Li, L., Meller, G., Kosina, H.: Microel. J. 38, 4751 (2007)
Olivier, Y., Lemaur, V., Brédas, J.L., Cornil, J.: J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 6356–6364 (2006)
Yamashita, Y.: Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10, 024313 (2009)
Alam, M.A., Dodabalapur, A., Pinto, M.R.: IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 44(8), 1332–1337 (1997)
Horowitz, G., Hajlaoui, R., Bouchriha, H., Bourguiga, R., Hajlaoui, M.: Adv. Mat. 10(12), 923–927 (1998)
Locci, S., Morana, M., Orgiu, E., Bonfiglio, A., Lugli, P.: IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev. 55(10), (October 2008)
Stallinga, P., Gomes, H.L., Biscarini, F., Murgia, M., deLeeuw, D.M.: J. Appl. Phys. 96(9), 5277–5283 (2004)
Stallinga, P., Gomes, H.L.: Synt. Met. 156, 1316–1326 (2006)
Horowitz, G., Hajlaoui, R., Kouki, F.: Europ. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 1, 361–367 (1998)
Horowitz, G., Hajlaoui, M.E., Hajlaoui, R.: J. Appl. Phys. 87(9), 4456–4463 (2000)
Vissenberg, M.C.J.M., Matters, M.: Phys. Rev. B 57(20), 964–967 (1998)
Frenkel, J.: Phys. Rev. 54, 647–648 (1938)
Dunlap, D.H., Parris, P.E., Kenkre, V.M.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(3), 542–545 (1996)
Schein, L.B., Peled, A., Glatz, D.: J. Appl. Phys. 66(2), 686–692 (1989)
Novikov, S.V., Dunlap, D.H., Kenkre, V.M., Parris, P.E., Vannikov, A.V.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(20), 4472–4475 (1998)
Wang, L., Fine, D., Basu, D., Dodabalapur, A.: J. Appl. Phys. 101(054515), 1–8 (2007)
Hamadani, B.H., Natelson, D.: J. Appl. Phys. 95(3), 1227–1232 (2007)
Hamadani, B.H., Richter, C.A., Gundlach, D.J., Kline, R.J., McCulloch, I., Heeney, M.: J. Appl. Phys. 102(044503), 1–7 (2007)
Snowden, C.M., Snowden, E.: Introduction to Semiconductor Device Modelling. World Scientific, Singapore (1987)
Schmechel, R., von Seggern, H.: Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 201(6), 1215–1235 (2004)
Yang, Y.S., Kim, S.H., Lee, J.I., Chu, H.Y., Do, L.M., Lee, H., Oh, J., Zyung, T., Ryu, M.K., Jang, M.S.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(9), 1595–1597 (2002)
Kang, J.H., da Silva Filho, D., Bredas, J.L., Zhu, X.Y.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(152115), 1–3 (2005)
Northrup, J.E., Chabinyc, M.L.: Phys. Rev. B 68(041202), 1–4 (2003)
Goldmann, C., Gundlach, D.J., Batlogg, B.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(063501), 1–3 (2006)
Schockley, W., Read, W.T.: Phys. Rev. 87(5), 835–842 (1952)
Hall, R.N.: Phys. Rev. 87, 387 (1952)
Singh, Th.B., Marjanovi`c, N., Stadler, P., Auinger, M., Matt, G.J., Günes, S., Sariciftci, N.S., Schwödiauer, R., Bauer, S.: J. Appl. Phys. 97(083714), 1–5 (2005)
Gu, G., Kane, M.G., Doty, J.E., Firester, A.H.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(243512), 1–3 (2005)
Li, L., Meller, G., Kosina, H.: Solid State Electron. 51, 445–448 (2007)
Lindner, Th., Paasch, G., Scheinert, S.: J. Appl. Phys. 98(114505), 1–9 (2005)
Paasch, G., Scheinert, S., Herasimovich, A., Hörselmann, I., Lindner, Th.: Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 3, 534–548 (2008)
Ahles, M., Schmechel, R., von Seggern, H.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 4489 (2004)
Erlen, C., Lugli, P., Fiebig, M., Schiefer, S., Nickel, B.: J. Comput. Electron. 5(4) (December 2006)
Berliocchi, M., Manenti, M., Bolognesi, A., Di Carlo, A., Lugli, P., Paolesse, R., Mandoy, F., Di Natale, C., Proietti, E., Petrocco, G., D’Amico, A.: Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, 354, (2004).
Baude, P.F., Ender, D.A., Haase, M.A., Kelley, T.W., Muyres, D.V., Theiss, S.D.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3964 (2003).
Hoon Han, S., Cho, S.M., Kim, J.H., Won Choi, J., Jang, J., Hwan Oh, M.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(093504) (2006).
Kim, F.S., Guo, X., Watson, M.D., Jenekhe, S.A.: Adv. Mater. 21, 15 (2009)
Smith, J., Hamilton, R., Heeney, M., de Leeuw, D.M., Cantatore, E., Anthony, J.E., McCulloch, I., Bradley, D.D.C., Anthopoulos, T.D.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(253301) (2008)
IEEE Standard for Test Methods for the Characterization of Organic Transistors and Materials, IEEE Std 1620–2008. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=4695965 (2008)
IEEE Standard for Test Methods for the Characterization of Organic Transistor-Based Ring Oscillators, IEEE Std 1620.1–2006. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=4014407 (2006)
Mabeck, J., Malliaras, G.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384(34353) (2006)
Roberts, M.E., Mannsfeld, S.C.B., Queralt o, N., Reese, C., Locklin, J., Knoll, W., Bao, Z.N.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105(1213439) (2008)
Myny, K., Beenhakkers, M.J., van Aerle, N.A.J.M., Gelinck, G.H., Genoe, J., Dehaene, W., Heremans, P.: IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers 52 (2009)
Elfrink, R., Pop, V., Hohlfeld, D., Kamel, T., Matova, S., de Nooijer, C., Jambunathan, M., Goedbloed, M., Caballero Guindo, L., Renaud, M., Penders, J. and van Schaijk, R.: First autonomous wireless sensor node powered by a vacuum-packaged piezoelectric MEMS energy harvester. In: IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting—IEDM, pp. 543–546. Baltimore, MD, USA, 7–9 Dec 2009
Gamota, D.R., Brazis, P., Kalyanasundaram, K., Zhang, J.: Printed Organic and Molecular Electronics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York (2004)
International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) consortium. http://thor.inemi.org/webdownload/RI/2009_Research_Priorities.pdf (2009)
Das, R., Harrop, P.: Printed and Thin Film Transistors and Memory 2009–2029, Updated in Q3 2010. IDTechEx, United Kingdom. http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/printed_and_thin_film_transistors_and_memory_2009_2029_000221.asp?viewopt=showall (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lugli, P., Locci, S., Erlen, C., Csaba, G. (2010). Molecular Electronics: Challenges and Perspectives. In: Korkin, A., Krstić, P., Wells, J. (eds) Nanotechnology for Electronics, Photonics, and Renewable Energy. Nanostructure Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7454-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7454-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7234-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7454-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)