Tissue homeostasis in the mature organism results from the net effects of cell proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) and is guaranteed by highly complex extracellular and intracellular control of cell cycle and apoptosis. It is a hallmark of malignant cells to grow in the absence of appropriate extracellular signals such as growth factors or cytokines, which are either not sensed or not required as a consequence of disturbed intracellular control.
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Pfister, H. (2009). Oncogenic Viruses. In: Stockfleth, E., Ulrich, C. (eds) Skin Cancer after Organ Transplantation. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 146. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78574-5_12
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