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Effects of Exercise and Physical Interventions on Bone: Clinical Studies

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Skeletal Aging and Osteoporosis

Part of the book series: Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials ((SMTEB,volume 5))

Abstract

Perhaps the best evidence that physical activity is essential for the maintenance of bone mass and strength is the rapid and profound loss of bone mineral that occurs during conditions of disuse, such as immobilization, bed rest, and spaceflight. Physical activity throughout the lifespan has the potential to reduce the risk for osteoporotic fracture by augmenting the development of peak bone mass during childhood, maintaining bone mass during early adulthood, and slowing the inevitable loss of bone mass in old age. However, the types and amounts of physical activity needed to optimize skeletal integrity across the lifespan and reduce osteoporotic fracture risk have not been precisely defined. This chapter reviews the clinical evidence that physical activity is associated with reduced fracture risk and that exercise training can increase or slow the decline in bone mineral density (BMD) in adults. The clinical relevance of the key determinants of the response of bone to mechanical loading that have evolved from preclinical studies of animals (e.g., high strain magnitude, high strain rate, few repetitions, unique strain distribution) is discussed. Novel factors that may influence the skeletal adaptation to exercise in humans are also discussed.

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  1. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA

    Wendy M. Kohrt, Karen L. Villalon & Daniel W. Barry

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  2. Karen L. Villalon
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Correspondence to Wendy M. Kohrt .

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  1. Dept. Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza 1, St. Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Matthew J. Silva

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Kohrt, W.M., Villalon, K.L., Barry, D.W. (2012). Effects of Exercise and Physical Interventions on Bone: Clinical Studies. In: Silva, M. (eds) Skeletal Aging and Osteoporosis. Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2011_91

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