Skip to main content

Immunity and Autoimmunity Induced by Polyomaviruses

Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects

  • Chapter
Polyomaviruses and Human Diseases

Abstract

In this chapter, polyomaviruses will be presented in an immunological context. Principal observations will be discussed to elucidate humoral and cellular immune responses to different species of the polyomaviruses and to individual viral structural and regulatory proteins. The role of immune responses towards the viruses or their proteins in context of protection against polyomavirus induced tumors will be described. One central aspect of this presentation is the ability of polyomaviruses, and particularly large T-antigen, to terminate immunological tolerance to nucleosomes, DNA and histones. Thus, in the present chapter we will focus on clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects of the immunity to polyomaviruses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gardner SD, Field AM, Coleman DV et al. New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation. Lancet 1971; 1(712):1253–1257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM et al. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1971; 1(7712):1257–1260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sweet BH, Hilleman MR. The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960; 105:420–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shah K, Nathanson N. Human exposure to SV40: Review and comment. Am J Epidemiol 1976; 103(1):1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Moens U, Rekvig OP. Molecular biology of BK virus and clinical and basic aspects of BK virus renal infection. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc., 2001:359–408.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Meneguzzi G, Pignatti PF, Barbanti-Brodano G et al. Minichromosome from BK virus as a template for transcription in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75(3):1126–1130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Varshavsky A, Levinger L, Sundin O et al. Cellular and SV40 chromatin: Replication, segregation, ubiquitination, nuclease-hypersensitive sites, HMG-containing nucleosomes, and heterochromatin-specific protein. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1983; 47 (Pt 1):511–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kornberg RD. Structure of chromatin. Annu Rev Biochem 1977; 46:931–954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. McGhee JD, Felsenfeld G. Nucleosome structure. Annu Rev Biochem 1980; 49:1115–1156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kornberg RD, Lorch Y. Twenty-five years of the nucleosome, fundamental particle of the eukaryote chromosome. Cell 1999; 98(3):285–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Moens U, Seternes OM, Johansen B et al. Mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of cellular genes by SV40 large T-and small t-antigens. Virus Genes 1997; 15(2):135–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cole CN. Polyomaviruses: The viruses and their replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincot-Raven Publishers, 1996:1997–2025.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Viscidi RP, Rollison DE, Viscidi E et al. Serological cross-reactivities between antibodies to simian virus 40, BK virus, and JC virus assessed by virus-like-particle-based enzyme immunoassays. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10(2):278–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wychowski C, Benichou D, Girard M. The intranuclear location of simian virus 40 polypeptides VP2 and VP3 depends on a specific amino acid sequence. J Virol 1987; 61(12):3862–3869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wychowski C, Benichou D, Girard M. A domain of SV40 capsid polypeptide VP1 that specifies migration into the cell nucleus. EMBO J 1986; 5(10):2569–2576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gharakhanian E, Kasamats H. Two independent signals, a nuclear localization signal and a Vp1-interactive signal, reside within the carboxy-35 amino acids of SV40 Vp3. Virology 1990; 178(1):62–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gharakhanian E, Takahashi J, Clever J et al. In vitro assay for protein-protein interaction: Carboxyl-terminal 40 residues of simian virus 40 structural protein VP3 contain a determinant for interaction with VP1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85(18):6607–6611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rekvig OP, Moens U, Fredriksen K et al. Human polyomavirus BK and immunogenicity of mammalian DNA: A conceptual framework. Methods 1997; 11(1):44–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Knowles WA. The epidemiology of BK virus and the occurence of antigenic and genomic subtypes. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:527–559.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Domes K. Latent and persistant polyomavirus infection. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc., 2001:197–235.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Tooze J. DNA tumor viruses. Molecular biology of tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Moens U, Seternes OM, Hey AW et al. In vivo expression of a single viral DNA-binding protein generates systemic lupus erythematosus-related autoimmunity to double-stranded DNA and histones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92(26):12393–12397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rekvig OP, Moens U, Sundsfjord A et al. Experimental expression in mice and spontaneous expression in human SLE of polyomavirus T-antigen. A molecular basis for induction of antibodies to DNA and eukaryotic transcription factors. J Clin Invest 1997; 99(8):2045–2054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Van Ghelue M, Moens U, Bendiksen S et al. Autoimmunity to nucleosomes related to viral infection: A focus on hapten-carrier complex formation. J Autoimmun 2003; 20(2):171–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rekvig OP, Nossent JC. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, nucleosomes, and systemic lupus erythematosus: A time for new paradigms? Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(2):300–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gardner SD. Prevalence in England of antibody to human polyomavirus (B.K.). BMJ 1973; i:77–78.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Padgett BL, Walker DL. Prevalence of antibodies in human sera against JC virus, an isolate from a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 1973; 127(4):467–470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Shah KV, Daniel RW, Wazawski RM. High prevalence of antibodies to BK virus, an SV40-related papovavirus, in residents of Maryland. J Infect Dis 1973; 128(6):784–787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mantyjarvi RA, Meurman OH, Vihma L et al. A human papovavirus (B.K.), biological properties and seroepidemiology. Ann Clin Res 1973; 5(5):283–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brown P, Tsai T, Gajdusek DC. Seroepidemiology of human papovaviruses. Discovery of virgin populations and some unusual patterns of antibody prevalence among remote peoples of the world. Am J Epidemiol 1975; 102(4):331–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rollison DEM, Shah KV. The epidemiology of SV40 infection due to contaminated polio vaccines: Relation of the virus to human cancer. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:561–584.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Agostini HT, Jobes DV, Stoner GL. Molecular evolution and epidemiology of JC virus. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:491–526.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Tevethia SS, Schell TD. The immune response to SV40, JCV, and BKV. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:585–610.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Knowles WA, Pipkin P, Andrews N et al. Population-based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40. J Med Virol 2003; 71(1):115–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Flower AJ, Banatvala JE, Chrystie IL. BK antibody and virus-specific IgM responses in renal transplant recipients, patients with malignant disease, and healthy people. Br Med J 1977; 2(6081):220–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Portolani M, Marzocchi A, Barbanti Brodano G et al. Prevalence in Italy of antibodies to a new human papovavirus (BK virus). J Med Microbiol 1974; 7(4):543–546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zapata M, Mahony JB, Chernesky MA. Measurement of BK papovavirus IgG and IgM by radio-immunoassay (RIA). J Med Virol 1984; 14(2):101–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Flaegstad T, Traavik T, Kristiansen BE. Age-dependent prevalence of BK virus IgG and IgM antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). J Hyg Lond 1986; 96(3):523–528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Flaegstad T, Ronne K, Filipe AR et al. Prevalence of anti BK virus antibody in Portugal and Norway. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21(2):145–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Christie KE, Flaegstad T, Traavik T. Characterization of BK virus-specific antibodies in human sera by Western immunoblotting: Use of a zwitterionic detergent for restoring the antibody-binding capacity of electroblotted proteins. J Med Virol 1988; 24(2):183–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Stolt A, Sasnauskas K, Koskela P et al. Seroepidemiology of the human polyomaviruses. J Gen Virol 2003; 84 (Pt 6):1499–1504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Corallini A, Barbanti-Brodano G, Portolani M et al. Antibodies to BK virus structural and tumor antigens in human sera from normal persons and from patients with various diseases, including neoplasia. Infect Immun 1976; 13(6):1684–1691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dougherty RM, Distefano HS. Isolation and characterization of a papovavirus from human urine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974; 146(2):481–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bredholt G, Olaussen E, Moens U et al. Linked production of antibodies to mammalian DNA and to human polyomavirus large T antigen: Footprints of a common molecular and cellular process? Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(12):2583–2592. [published erratum appears in Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43 (4):929].

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Andreassen K, Moens U, Nossent H et al. Termination of human T cell tolerance to histones by presentation of histones and polyomavirus T antigen provided that T antigen is complexed with nucleosomes. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(11):2449–2460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Takemoto KK. Human polyomaviruses: Evaluation of their possible involvement in human cancer. In: Essex M, Todaro G, zur Hausen M, eds. Viruses in Naturally Occuring Cancers. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Conference on cell proliferation, 1980:7:311–318.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Walker DL, Padgett BL. The epidemiology of human polyomaviruses. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983; 105:99–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hogan TF, Borden EC, McBain JA et al. Human polyomavirus infections with JC virus and BK virus in renal transplant patients. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92(3):373–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Taguchi F, Kajioka J, Miyamura T. Prevalence rate and age of acquisition of antibodies against JC virus and BK virus in human sera. Microbiol Immunol 1982; 26(11):1057–1064.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kravetz HM, Knight V, Chanock RM et al. Respiratory syncytial virus. III. Production of illness and clinical observations in adult volunteers. JAMA 1961; 176:657–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Morris JA, Johnson KM, Aulisio CG et al. Clinical and serologic responses in volunteers given vacuolating virus (SV-40) by respiratory route. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1961; 108:56–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Melnick JL, Stinebaugh S. Excretion of vacuolating SV-40 virus (papova virus group) after ingestion as a contaminant of oral poliovaccine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1962; 109:965–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Basetse HR, Lecatsas G, Gerber LJ. An investigation of the occurrence of SV40 antibodies in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2002; 92(10):825–828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Butel JS, Wong C, Vilchez RA et al. Detection of antibodies to polyomavirus SV40 in two central European countries. Cent Eur J Public Health 2003; 11(1):3–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Butel JS, Arrington AS, Wong C et al. Molecular evidence of simian virus 40 infections in children. J Infect Dis 1999; 180(3):884–887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rollison DE, Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ et al. Serum antibodies to JC virus, BK virus, simian virus 40, and the risk of incident adult astrocytic brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12(5):460–463.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Carter JJ, Madeleine MM, Wipf GC et al. Lack of serologic evidence for prevalent simian virus 40 infection in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(20):1522–1530.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. De Sanjose S, Shah K, Engels EA et al. Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2003; 107(3):507–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hamilton RS, Gravell M, Major EO. Comparison of antibody titers determined by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme immunoassay for JC virus and BK virus. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(1):105–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jafar S, Rodriguez-Barradas M, Graham DY et al. Serological evidence of SV40 infections in HIV-infected and HIV-negative adults. J Med Virol 1998; 54(4):276–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Minor P, Pipkin P, Jarzebek Z et al. Studies of neutralising antibodies to SV40 in human sera. J Med Virol 2003; 70(3):490–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Vilchez RA, Butel JS. Polyomavirus SV40 infection and lymphomas in Spain. Int J Cancer 2003; 107(3):505–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Brown DW, Gardner SD, Gibson PE et al. BK virus specific IgM responses in cord sera, young children and healthy adults detected by RIA. Arch Virol 1984; 82(3–4):149–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hirsch HH, Steiger J. Polyomavirus BK. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3(10):611–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Knowles WA, Gibson PE, Hand JF et al. An M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for detection of JC virus-specific IgM. J Virol Methods 1992; 40(1):95–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kitamura T, Aso Y, Kuniyoshi N et al. High incidence of urinary JC virus excretion in nonimmunosuppressed older patients. J Infect Dis 1990; 161(6):1128–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sundsfjord A, Osei A, Rosenqvist H et al. BK and JC viruses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalent and persistent BK viruria, sequence stability of the viral regulatory regions, and nondetectable viremia. J Infect Dis 1999; 180(1):1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Song R, Harding CV. Roles of proteasomes, transporter for antigen presentation (TAP), and beta 2-microglobulin in the processing of bacterial or paniculate antigens via an alternate class I MHC processing pathway. J Immunol 1996; 156(11):4182–4190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Uebel S, Tampe R. Specificity of the proteasome and the TAP transporter. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11(2):203–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pieters J. MHC class II-restricted antigen processing and presentation. Adv Immunol 2000; 75:159–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Brachet V, Raposo G, Amigorena S et al. Ii chain controls the transport of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules to and from lysosomes. J Cell Biol 1997; 137(1):51–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M et al. Immunobiology. The immune system in health and disease. 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Janeway Jr CA. The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self. Immunol Today 1992; 13(1):11–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Janeway Jr CA, Bottomly K. Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses. Cell 1994; 76(2):275–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Janeway Jr CA, Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:197–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Medzhitov R, Janeway Jr CA. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science 2002; 296(5566):298–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Medzhitov R, Janeway Jr CA. How does the immune system distinguish self from nonself? Semin Immunol 2000; 12(3):185–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Perniok A, Wedekind F, Herrmann M et al. High levels of circulating early apoptic peripheral blood mononuclear cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998; 7(2):113–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Velupillai P, Carroll JP, Benjamin TL. Susceptibility to polyomavirus-induced tumors in inbred mice: Role of innate immune responses. J Virol 2002; 76(19):9657–9663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Tevethia SS, Flyer DC, Tjian R. Biology of simian virus 40 (SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg). VI. Mechanism of induction of SV40 transplantation immunity in mice by purified SV40 T antigen (D2 protein). Virology 1980; 107(1):13–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tevethia SS, Lewis M, Tanaka Y et al. Dissection of H-2Db-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes on simian virus 40 T antigen by the use of synthetic peptides and H-2Dbm mutants. J Virol 1990; 64(3):1192–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Andreassen K, Bredholt G, Moens U et al. T cell lines specific for polyomavirus T-antigen recognize T-antigen complexed with nucleosomes: A molecular basis for anti-DNA antibody production. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29(9):2715–2728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bredholt G, Rekvig OP, Andreassen K et al. Differences in the reactivity of CD4+ T-cell lines generated against free versus nucleosome-bound SV40 large T antigen. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53(4):372–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Andreassen K, Bendiksen S, Kjeldsen E et al. T cell autoimmunity to histones and nucleosomes is a latent property of the normal immune system. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(5):1270–1281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Drummond JE, Shah KV, Donnenberg AD. Cell-mediated immune responses to BK virus in normal individuals. J Med Virol 1985; 17(3):237–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bates MP, Jennings SR, Tanaka Y et al. Recognition of simian virus 40 T antigen synthesized during viral lytic cycle in monkey kidney cells expressing mouse H-2Kb-and H-2Db-transfected genes by SV40-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes leads to the abrogation of virus lytic cycle. Virology 1988; 162(1):197–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ye X, McCarrick J, Jewett L et al. Timely immunization subverts the development of peripheral nonresponsiveness and suppresses tumor development in simian virus 40 tumor antigen-transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(9):3916–3920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Geiger T, Soldevila G, Flavell RA. T cells are responsive to the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen transgenically expressed in pancreatic islets. J Immunol 1993; 151(12):7030–7037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Geiger T, Gooding LR, Flavell RA. T-cell responsiveness to an oncogenic peripheral protein and spontaneous autoimmunity in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89(7):2985–2989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Arrington AS, Butel JS. SV40 and human tumors. In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:461–489.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kennedy RC, Shearer MH, Watts AM et al. CD4+ T lymphocytes play a critical role in antibody production and tumor immunity against simian virus 40 large tumor antigen. Cancer Res 2003; 63(5):1040–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Koralnik IJ. Overview of the cellular immunity against JC virus in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2002; 8(Suppl 2):59–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Gasnault J, Kahraman M, de Goer de Herve MG et al. Critical role of JC virus-specific CD4 T-cell responses in preventing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. AIDS 2003; 17(10):1443–1449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases such as Systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Lahita RG, ed. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sidney, Tokio, Totonto: Academic Press, 1999:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Reeves WH, Satoh M, Richards HB. Origins of antinuclear antibodies. In: Lahita RG, ed. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sidney, Tokio, Toronto: Academic Press, 1999:293–317.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Raz E, Brezis M, Rosenmann E et al. Anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J Immunol 1989; 142(9):3076–3082.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Van Bruggen MC, Kramers C, Berden JH. Autoimmunity against nucleosomes and lupus nephritis. Ann Med Interne Paris 1996; 147(7):485–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Van Bruggen MC, Walgreen B, Rijke TP et al. Antigen specificity of anti-nuclear antibodies complexed to nucleosomes determines glomerular basement membrane binding in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27(6):1564–1569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kramers C, Hylkema MN, Van Bruggen MC et al. Anti-nucleosome antibodies complexed to nucleosomal antigens show anti-DNA reactivity and bind to rat glomerular basement membrane in vivo. J Clin Invest 1994; 94(2):568–577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Berden JH, Licht R, Van Bruggen MC et al. Role of nucleosomes for induction and glomerular binding of autoantibodies in lupus nephritis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1999; 8(3):299–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Vlahakos DV, Foster MH, Adams S et al. Anti-DNA antibodies form immune deposits at distinct glomerular and vascular sites. Kidney Int 1992; 41(6):1690–1700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Madaio MP, Shlomchik MJ. Emerging concepts regarding B cells and autoantibodies in murine lupus nephritis. B cells have multiple roles; all autoantibodies are not equal [editorial]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7(3):387–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. D’Andrea DM, Coupaye Gerard B, Kleyman TR et al. Lupus autoantibodies interact directly with distinct glomerular and vascular cell surface antigens. Kidney Int 1996; 49(5):1214–1221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Amoura Z, Piette JC, Bach JF et al. The key role of nucleosomes in lupus. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(5):833–843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Amoura Z, Koutouzov S, Chabre H et al. Presence of antinucleosome autoantibodies in a restricted set of connective tissue diseases: Antinucleosome antibodies of the IgG3 subclass are markers of renal pathogenicity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43(1):76–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Cervera R, Vinas O, Ramos-Casals M et al. Anti-chromatin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: A useful marker for lupus nephropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62(5):431–434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Benedek TG. Historical background of discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, eds. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus. Baltimore, Philadelphia, London, Paris, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong, Munich, Sydney, Tokio, Wroclaw: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Lahita RG. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 3th ed. New York: Academic Press, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Rekvig OP. Polyoma induced autoimmunity to DNA; experimental systems and clinical observations in human SLE. Lupus 1997; 6(3):325–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Rekvig OP, Andreassen K, Moens U. Antibodies to DNA-towards an understanding of their origin and pathophysiological impact in systemic lupus erythematosus [editorial]. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27(1):1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Max EE. Immunoglobulins: Molecular Genetics. In: Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999:111–182.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Chen C, Nagy Z, Radic MZ et al. The site and stage of anti-DNA B-cell deletion. Nature 1995; 373(6511):252–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Chen C, Prak EL, Weigert M. Editing disease-associated autoantibodies. Immunity 1997; 6(1):97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Wagner SD, Neuberger MS. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Annu Rev Immunol 1996; 14:441–457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Parker DC. T cell-dependent B cell activation. Annu Rev Immunol 1993; 11:331–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Benacerraf B, Paul WE, Green I. Hapten-carrier relationships. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970; 169(1):93–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Goodman JW. Antigenic determinants and antibody combining sites. In: Sela M, ed. The Antigens. New York: Academic Press, 1975:127–187.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Flaegstad T, Fredriksen K, Dahl B et al. Inoculation with BK virus may break immunological tolerance to histone and DNA antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85(21):8171–8175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Aarden LA, de Groot ER, Feltkamp TE. Immunology of DNA. III. Crithidia luciliae, a simple substrate for the determination of anti-dsDNA with the immunofluorescence technique.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Madaio MP, Hodder S, Schwartz RS et al. Responsiveness of autoimmune and normal mice to nucleic acid antigens. J Immunol 1984; 132(2):872–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Schwartz RS, Stollar BD. Origins of anti-DNA autoantibodies. J Clin Invest 1985; 75(2):321–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Stollar BD. Antibodies to DNA. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 1986; 20(1):1–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Stollar BD. Immunochemistry of DNA. Int Rev Immunol 1989; 5(1):1–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rekvig OP, Flaegstad T, Fredriksen K et al. Stimulation of clones specific for dsDNA or idiotypes of anti-dsDNA as a consequence of BK virus inoculation. Immunol Invest 1989; 18(5):657–669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Fredriksen K, Traavik T, Flaegstad T et al. BK virus terminates tolerance to dsDNA and histone antigens in vivo. Immunol Invest 1990; 19(2):133–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Fredriksen K, Traavik T, Rekvig OP. Anti-DNA antibodies induced by BK virus inoculations. Demonstration of the specificities for eukaryotic dsDNA and synthetic polynucleotides. Scand J Immunol 1990; 32(2):197–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Fredriksen K, Brannsether B, Traavik T et al. Antibodies to viral and mammalian native DNA in response to BK virus inoculation and subsequent immunization with calf thymus DNA. Scand J Immunol 1991; 34(1):109–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Fredriksen K, Skogsholm A, Flaegstad T et al. Antibodies to dsDNA are produced during primary BK virus infection in man, indicating that anti-dsDNA antibodies may be related to virus replication in vivo. Scand J Immunol 1993; 38(4):401–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Fredriksen K, Osei A, Sundsfjord A et al. On the biological origin of anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA antibodies: Systemic lupus erythematosus-related anti-dsDNA antibodies are induced by polyomavirus BK in lupus-prone (NZBxNZW) F1 hybrids, but not in normal mice. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24(1):66–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Gilkeson GS, Pippen AM, Pisetsky DS. Induction of cross-reactive anti-dsDNA antibodies in preautoimmune NZB/NZW mice by immunization with bacterial DNA. J Clin Invest 1995; 95(3):1398–1402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Marion TN, Tillman DM, Jou NT. Interclonal and intraclonal diversity among anti-DNA antibodies from an (NZB x NZW)F1 mouse. J Immunol 1990; 145(7):2322–2332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Marion TN, Krishnan MR, Desai DD et al. Monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies: Structure, specificity, and biology. Methods 1997; 11(1):3–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Marion TN, Tillman DM, Jou NT et al. Selection of immunoglobulin variable regions in autoimmunity to DNA. Immunol Rev 1992; 128:123–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Krishnan MR, Marion TN. Structural similarity of antibody variable regions from immune and autoimmune anti-DNA antibodies. J Immunol 1993; 150(11):4948–4957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Krishnan MR, Marion TN. Comparison of the frequencies of arginines in heavy chain CDR3 of antibodies expressed in the primary B-cell repertoires of autoimmune-prone and normal mice. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48(3):223–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Krishnan MR, Jou NT, Marion TN. Correlation between the amino acid position of arginine in VH-CDR3 and specificity for native DNA among autoimmune antibodies. J Immunol 1996; 157(6):2430–2439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Radic MZ, Mascelli MA, Erikson J et al. Structural patterns in anti-DNA antibodies from MRL/lpr mice. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989; 54 (Pt 2):933–946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Radic MZ, Weigert M. Genetic and structural evidence for antigen selection of anti-DNA antibodies. Annu Rev Immunol 1994; 12:487–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Radic MZ, Mackle J, Erikson J et al. Residues that mediate DNA binding of autoimmune antibodies. J Immunol 1993; 150(11):4966–4977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Shlomchik MJ, Marshak-Rothstein A, Wolfowicz CB et al. The role of clonal selection and somatic mutation in autoimmunity. Nature 1987; 328(6133):805–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Shlomchik MJ, Aucoin AH, Pisetsky DS et al. Structure and function of anti-DNA autoantibodies derived from a single autoimmune mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84(24):9150–9154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Rekvig OP, Fredriksen K, Hokland K et al. Molecular analyses of anti-DNA antibodies induced by polyomavirus BK in BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol 1995; 41(6):593–602. [published erratum appears in Scand J Immunol 1995 Aug; 42(2):286].

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Bendiksen S, Rekvig OP, Van Ghelue M et al. VP1 DNA sequences of JC and BK viruses detected in urine of systemic lupus erythematosus patients reveal no differences from strains expressed in normal individuals. J Gen Virol 2000; 81 (Pt 11):2625–2633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Bendiksen S, Van Ghelue M, Rekvig OP et al. A longitudinal study of human cytomegalovirus serology and viruria fails to detect active viral infection in 20 systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 2000; 9(2):120–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Cerutti ML, Centeno JM, Goldbaum FA et al. Generation of sequence-specific, high affinity anti-DNA antibodies. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(16):12769–12773.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Sundar K, Jaques S, Spatz L et al. Mice immunized with Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 expressing plasmids secrete antibodies to EBNA-1, dsDNA and Sm. Faseb J 2001; 15:A 1058.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Verdolini R, Bugatti L, Giangiacomi M et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146(5):877–881.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Dong X, Hamilton KJ, Satoh M et al. Initiation of autoimmunity to the p53 tumor suppressor protein by complexes of p53 and SV40 large T antigen. J Exp Med 1994; 179(4):1243–1252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Reeves WH, Dong X, Wang J et al. Initiation of autoimmunity to self-proteins complexed with viral antigens. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 815:139–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Mohan C, Adams S, Stanik V et al. Nucleosome: A major immunogen for pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells of lupus. J Exp Med 1993; 177(5):1367–1381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Datta SK, Kaliyaperumal A. Nucleosome-driven autoimmune response in lupus. Pathogenic T helper cell epitopes and costimulatory signals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 815:155–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Voll RE, Roth EA, Girkontaite I et al. Histone-specific Th0 and Th1 clones derived from systemic lupus erythematosus patients induce double-stranded DNA antibody production. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(12):2162–2171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Beverly B, Kang SM, Lenardo MJ et al. Reversal of in vitro T cell clonal anergy by IL-2 stimulation. Int Immunol 1992; 4(6):661–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Jenkins MK. The role of cell division in the induction of clonal anergy. Immunol Today 1992; 13(2):69–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lenschow DJ, Walunas TL, Bluestone JA. CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu Rev Immunol 1996; 14:233–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Gimmi CD, Freeman GJ, Gribben JG et al. Human T-cell clonal anergy is induced by antigen presentation in the absence of B7 costimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90(14):6586–6590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Schwartz RH. Costimulation of T lymphocytes: The role of CD28, CTLA-4, and B7/BB1 in interleukin-2 production and immunotherapy. Cell 1992; 71(7):1065–1068.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Mueller DL, Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: A costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy. Annu Rev Immunol 1989; 7:445–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Schwartz RH. T cell anergy. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:305–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Mamula MJ, Lin RH, Janeway Jr CA et al. Breaking T cell tolerance with foreign and self coimmunogens. A study of autoimmune B and T cell epitopes of cytochromec. J Immunol 1992; 149(3):789–795.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Lin RH, Mamula MJ, Hardin JA et al. Induction of autoreactive B cells allows priming of autoreactive T cells. J Exp Med 1991; 173(6):1433–1439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Mamula MJ, Fatenejad S, Craft J. B cells process and present lupus autoantigens that initiate autoimmune T cell responses. J Immunol 1994; 152(3):1453–1461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Desai DD, Krishnan MR, Swindle JT et al. Antigen-specific induction of antibodies against native mammalian DNA in nonautoimmune mice. J Immunol 1993; 151(3):1614–1626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Kisielow P, von Boehmer H. Development and selection of T cells: Facts and puzzles. Adv Immunol 1995; 58:87–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Sprent J, Kishimoto H, Cai Z et al. The thymus and T cell death. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 406:191–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Surh CD, Sprent J. T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus. Nature 1994; 372(6501):100–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Liu Y, Janeway Jr CA. Microbial induction of costimulatory activity for CD4 T-cell growth. Int Immunol 1991; 3(4):323–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Collins T, Korman AJ, Wake CT et al. Immune interferon activates multiple class II major histocompatibility complex genes and the associated invariant chain gene in human endothelial cells and dermal fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81(15):4917–4921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Page C, Rose M, Yacoub M et al. Antigenic heterogeneity of vascular endothelium. Am J Pathol 1992; 141(3):673–683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Marelli Berg FM, Hargreaves RE, Carmichael P et al. Major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing endothelial cells induce allospecific nonresponsiveness in naïve. T cells. J Exp Med 1996; 183(4):1603–1612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Marelli-Berg FM, Frasca L, Imami N et al. Lack of T cell proliferation without induction of nonresponsiveness after antigen presentation by endothelial cells. Transplantation 1999; 68(2):280–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Corrigall VM, Solau-Gervais E, Panayi GS. Lack of CD80 expression by fibroblast-like synoviocytes leading to anergy in T lymphocytes. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43(7):1606–1615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Byrne B, Madrigal-Estebas L, McEvoy A et al. Human duodenal epithelial cells constitutively express molecular components of antigen presentation but not costimulatory molecules. Hum Immunol 2002; 63(11):977–986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Lohse AW, Knolle PA, Bilo K et al. Antigen-presenting function and B7 expression of murine sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 1996; 110(4):1175–1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Murray AG, Khodadoust MM, Pober JS et al. Porcine aortic endothelial cells activate human T cells: Direct presentation of MHC antigens and costimulation by ligands for human CD2 and CD28. Immunity 1994; 1(1):57–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Denton MD, Geehan CS, Alexander SI et al. Endothelial cells modify the costimulatory capacity of transmigrating leukocytes and promote CD28-mediated CD4(+) T cell alloactivation. J Exp Med 1999; 190(4):555–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. June CH, Ledbetter JA, Linsley PS et al. Role of the CD28 receptor in T-cell activation. Immunol Today 1990; 11(6):211–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Marelli-Berg FM, Lechler RI. Antigen presentation by parenchymal cells: A route to peripheral tolerance? Immunol Rev 1999; 172:297–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Napirei M, Karsunky H, Zevnik B et al. Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase1-deficient mice. Nat Genet 2000; 25(2):177–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Yoh K, Itoh K, Enomoto A et al. Nrf2-deficient female mice develop lupus-like autoimmune nephritis. Kidney Int 2001; 60(4):1343–1353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Herrmann M, Zoller OM, Hagenhofer M et al. What triggers anti-dsDNA antibodies? Mol Biol Rep 1996; 23(3–4):265–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Berden JH, Grootscholten C, Jurgen WC et al. Lupus nephritis: A nucleosome waste disposal defect? J Nephrol 2002; 15(Suppl 6):S1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Meurman OH, Mantyjarvi RA, Salmi AA et al. Prevalence of antibodies to a human papova virus (BK virus) in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis patients. Z Neurol 1972; 203(2):191–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Arthur RR, Dagostin S, Shah KV. Detection of BK virus and JC virus in urine and brain tissue by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27(6):1174–1179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Arthur RR, Shah KV. Occurrence and significance of papovaviruses BK and JC in the urine. Prog Med Virol 1989; 36:42–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Azzi A, Cesaro S, Laszlo D et al. Human polyomavirus BK (BKV) load and haemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplantation patients. J Clin Virol 1999; 14(2):79–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Azzi A, De Santis R, Ciappi S et al. Human polyomaviruses DNA detection in peripheral blood leukocytes from immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. J Neurovirol 1996; 2(6):411–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Biel SS, Held TK, Landt O et al. Rapid quantification and differentiation of human polyomavirus DNA in undiluted urine from patients after bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(10):3689–3695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Degener AM, Pietropaolo V, Di Taranto C et al. Identification of a new control region in the genome of the DDP strain of BK virus isolated from PBMC. J Med Virol 1999; 58(4):413–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Degener AM, Pietropaolo V, Di Taranto C et al. Detection of JC and BK viral genome in specimens of HIV-1 infected subjects. New Microbiol 1997; 20(2):115–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Di Taranto C, Pietropaolo V, Orsi GB et al. Detection of BK polyomavirus genotypes in healthy and HIV-positive children. Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13(6):653–657.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Itoh S, Irie K, Nakamura Y et al. Cytologic and genetic study of polyomavirus-infected or polyomavirus-activated cells in human urine. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998; 122(4):333–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Jin L, Pietropaolo V, Booth JC et al. Prevalence and distribution of BK virus subtypes in healthy people and immunocompromized patients detected by PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. Clin Diagn Virol 1995; 3:285–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Jin L. Rapid genomic typing of BK virus directly from clinical specimens. Mol Cell probes 1993; 7:331–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Leung AY, Suen CK, Lie AK et al. Quantification of polyoma BK viruria in hemorrhagic cystitis complicating bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2001; 98(6):1971–1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Reese JM, Reissing M, Daniel RW et al. Occurrence of BK virus and BK virus-specific antibodies in the urine of patients receiving chemotherapy for malignancy. Infect Immun 1975; 11(6):1375–1381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Shah KV, Daniel RW, Strickler HD et al. Investigation of human urine for genomic sequences of the primate polyomaviruses simian virus 40, BK virus, and JC virus. J Infect Dis 1997; 176(6):1618–1621.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Tsai RT, Wang M, Ou WC et al. Incidence of JC viruria is higher than that of BK viruria in Taiwan. J Med Virol 1997; 52(3):253–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Ling PD, Lednicky JA, Keitel WA et al. The dynamics of herpesvirus and polyomavirus reactivation and shedding in healthy adults: A 14-month longitudinal study. J Infect Dis 2003; 187(10):1571–1580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Ding R, Medeiros M, Dadhania D et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephritis by measurement of messenger RNA for BK virus VP1 in urine. Transplantation 2002; 74(7):987–994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Hogan TF, Padgett BL, Walker DL et al. Survey of human polyomavirus (JCV, BKV) infections in 139 patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, or lymphoma. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983; 105:311–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Stoner GL, Agostini HT, Ryschkewitsch CF et al. JC virus excreted by multiple sclerosis patients and paired controls from Hungary. Mult Scler 1998; 4(2):45–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Pagani E, Delbue S, Mancuso R et al. Molecular analysis of JC virus genotypes circulating among the Italian healthy population. J Neurovirol 2003; 9(5):559–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Chima SC, Ryschkewitsch CF, Stoner GL. Molecular epidemiology of human polyomavirus JC in the Biaka Pygmies and Bantu of Central Africa. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1998; 93(5):615–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Ryschkewitsch CF, Friedlaender JS, Mgone CS et al. Human polyomavirus JC variants in Papua New Guinea and Guam reflect ancient population settlement and viral evolution. Microbes Infect 2000; 2(9):987–996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Miranda JJ, Sugimoto C, Paraguison R et al. Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: Implications for the peopling of the Philippines. Am J Phys Anthropol 2003; 120(2):125–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Koralnik IJ, Boden D, Mai VX et al. JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1999; 52(2):253–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Li RM, Branton MH, Tanawattanacharoen S et al. Molecular identification of SV40 infection in human subjects and possible association with kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13(9):2320–2330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Markowitz RB, Dynan WS. Binding of cellular proteins to the regulatory region of BK virus DNA. J Virol 1988; 62(9):3. 388–3398.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Moens U, Johansen T, Johnsen JI et al. Noncoding control region of naturally occurring BK virus variants: Sequence comparison and functional analysis. Virus Genes 1995; 10(3):261–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Eurekah.com and Springer Science+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rekvig, O.P., Bendiksen, S., Moens, U. (2006). Immunity and Autoimmunity Induced by Polyomaviruses. In: Ahsan, N. (eds) Polyomaviruses and Human Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 577. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-32957-9_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics