Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Imaging of Adenosine Receptors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems

Abstract

Adenosine is a fundamental molecule of life. It is a part of the DNA and the main degradation product of the central currency of energy metabolism in humans and animals – adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Under pathological conditions like hypoxia, the adenosine concentration can rise severalfold – up to micromolar concentrations. The net effect of adenosine on excitable tissue is inhibitory affecting the release of classical neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and dopamine. The widely used neurostimulant caffeine exerts its effects as an antagonist at adenosine receptors. Four different types of adenosine receptors have been described in mammals: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 which are all G-protein-coupled receptors. Over the last 25 years, adenosine receptor ligands, agonists as well as antagonists, have emerged as a class of useful therapeutics. For the A1 and A2A subtypes several antagonist radioligands have been used successfully for PET imaging in humans and animals especially for the brain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 399.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bauer A, Ishiwata K (2009) Adenosine receptor ligands and PET imaging of the CNS. Handb Exp Pharmacol (193):617–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer A, Holschbach MH, Meyer PT, Boy C, Herzog H, Olsson RA, Coenen HH, Zilles K (2003) In vivo imaging of adenosine A1 receptors in the human brain with [18F]CPFPX and positron emission tomography. Neuroimage 19:1760–1769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer A, Langen KJ, Bidmon H, Holschbach MH, Weber S, Olsson RA, Coenen HH, Zilles K (2005) 18F-CPFPX PET identifies changes in cerebral A1 adenosine receptor density caused by glioma invasion. J Nucl Med 46:450–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bier D, Holschbach MH, Wutz W, Olsson RA, Coenen HH (2006) Metabolism of the A1 adenosine receptor positron emission tomography ligand [18f]8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([18f]cpfpx) in rodents and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 34:570–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks DJ, Doder M, Osman S, Luthra SK, Hirani E, Hume S, Kase H, Kilborn J, Martindill S, Mori A (2008) Positron emission tomography analysis of [11C]KW-6002 binding to human and rat adenosine A2A receptors in the brain. Synapse 62:671–681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks DJ, Papapetropoulos S, Vandenhende F, Tomic D, He P, Coppell A, O’Neill G (2010) An open-label, positron emission tomography study to assess adenosine A2A brain receptor occupancy of vipadenant (BIIB014) at steady-state levels in healthy male volunteers. Clin Neuropharmacol 33:55–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciruela F, Casado V, Rodrigues RJ, Lujan R, Burgueno J, Canals M, Borycz J, Rebola N, Goldberg SR, Mallol J, Cortes A, Canela EI, Lopez-Gimenez JF, Milligan G, Lluis C, Cunha RA, Ferre S, Franco R (2006) Presynaptic control of striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission by adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers. J Neurosci 26:2080–2087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cristovao-Ferreira S, Navarro G, Brugarolas M, Perez-Capote K, Vaz SH, Fattorini G, Conti F, Lluis C, Ribeiro JA, McCormick PJ, Casado V, Franco R, Sebastiao AM (2011) Modulation of GABA transport by adenosine A1R-A2AR heteromers, which are coupled to both Gs- and G(i/o)-proteins. J Neurosci 31:15629–15639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding YS, Fowler J (2005) New-generation radiotracers for nAChR and NET. Nucl Med Biol 32:707–718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishino DD, Welch MJ, Kilbourn MR, Raichle ME (1983) Relationship between lipophilicity and brain extraction of C-11-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 24:1030–1038

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunwiddie TV, Masino SA (2001) The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:31–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elmenhorst D, Meyer PT, Matusch A, Winz OH, Zilles K, Bauer A (2007a) Test-retest stability of cerebral A(1) adenosine receptor quantification using [(18)F]CPFPX and PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:1061–1070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elmenhorst D, Meyer PT, Winz OH, Matusch A, Ermert J, Coenen HH, Basheer R, Haas HL, Zilles K, Bauer A (2007b) Sleep deprivation increases A1 adenosine receptor binding in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci 27:2410–2415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elmenhorst D, Garibotto V, Prescher A, Bauer A (2011) Adenosine A(1) receptors in human brain and transfected CHO cells: inhibition of [(3)H]CPFPX binding by adenosine and caffeine. Neurosci Lett 487:415–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elmenhorst D, Meyer PT, Matusch A, Winz OH, Bauer A (2012) Caffeine occupancy of human cerebral A1 adenosine receptors: in vivo quantification with 18F-CPFPX and PET. J Nucl Med 53:1723–1729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franco R, Lluis C, Canela EI, Mallol J, Agnati L, Casado V, Ciruela F, Ferre S, Fuxe K (2007) Receptor-receptor interactions involving adenosine A1 or dopamine D1 receptors and accessory proteins. J Neural Transm 114:93–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumitsu N, Ishii K, Kimura Y, Oda K, Sasaki T, Mori Y, Ishiwata K (2003) Imaging of adenosine A1 receptors in the human brain by positron emission tomography with [11C]MPDX. Ann Nucl Med 17:511–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumitsu N, Ishii K, Kimura Y, Oda K, Sasaki T, Mori Y, Ishiwata K (2005) Adenosine A1 receptor mapping of the human brain by PET with 8-dicyclopropylmethyl-1-11C-methyl-3-propylxanthine. J Nucl Med 46:32–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumitsu N, Ishii K, Kimura Y, Oda K, Hashimoto M, Suzuki M, Ishiwata K (2008) Adenosine A(1) receptors using 8-dicyclopropylmethyl-1-[(11)C]methyl-3-propylxanthine PET in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Nucl Med 22:841–847

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haeusler D, Nics L, Mien LK, Ungersboeck J, Lanzenberger RR, Shanab K, Spreitzerf H, Sindelar KM, Viernstein H, Wagner KH, Dudczak R, Kletter K, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M (2010) [18F]FE@SUPPY and [18F]FE@SUPPY:2–metabolic considerations. Nucl Med Biol 37:421–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halldin C, Gulyas B, Langer O, Farde L (2001) Brain radioligands–state of the art and new trends. Q J Nucl Med 45:139–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen I, Nesterov SV, Liukko K, Kemppainen J, Nagren K, Luotolahti M, Virsu P, Oikonen V, Nuutila P, Kujala UM, Kainulainen H, Boushel R, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK (2008) Myocardial blood flow and adenosine A2A receptor density in endurance athletes and untrained men. J Physiol 586:5193–5202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog H, Elmenhorst D, Winz O, Bauer A (2008) Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the A1 adenosine receptor ligand 18F-CPFPX determined from human whole-body PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35:1499–1506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirani E, Gillies J, Karasawa A, Shimada J, Kase H, Opacka-Juffry J, Osman S, Luthra SK, Hume SP, Brooks DJ (2001) Evaluation of [4-O-methyl-(11)C]KW-6002 as a potential PET ligand for mapping central adenosine A(2A) receptors in rats. Synapse 42:164–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holschbach M, Müller CE, Wutz W, Schüller M, Coenen HH (2000) C-11 Markierung und erste ex vivo Evaluierung des Adenosin A2A Rezeptorliganden MSX-2 an NMRI Mäusen. Nuklearmedizin 39:P154

    Google Scholar 

  • Holschbach MH, Olsson RA, Bier D, Wutz W, Sihver W, Schuller M, Palm B, Coenen HH (2002) Synthesis and evaluation of no-carrier-added 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([(18)F]CPFPX): a potent and selective A(1)-adenosine receptor antagonist for in vivo imaging. J Med Chem 45:5150–5156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Furuta R, Shimada J, Ishii S, Endo K, Suzuki F, Senda M (1995) Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]KF15372, a selective adenosine A1 antagonist. Appl Radiat Isot 46:1009–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Noguchi J, Toyama H, Sakiyama Y, Koike N, Ishii S, Oda K, Endo K, Suzuki F, Senda M (1996) Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]KF17837, a selective adenosine A2A antagonist. Appl Radiat Isot 47:507–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Noguchi J, Wakabayashi S, Shimada J, Ogi N, Nariai T, Tanaka A, Endo K, Suzuki F, Senda M (2000a) 11C-labeled KF18446: a potential central nervous system adenosine A2a receptor ligand. J Nucl Med 41:345–354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Ogi N, Shimada J, Nonaka H, Tanaka A, Suzuki F, Senda M (2000b) Further characterization of a CNS adenosine A2a receptor ligand [11C]KF18446 with in vitro autoradiography and in vivo tissue uptake. Ann Nucl Med 14:81–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Ogi N, Shimada J, Wang W, Ishii K, Tanaka A, Suzuki F, Senda M (2000c) Search for PET probes for imaging the globus pallidus studied with rat brain ex vivo autoradiography. Ann Nucl Med 14:461–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Kawamura K, Kimura Y, Oda K, Ishii K (2003) Potential of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist [11C]TMSX for myocardial imaging by positron emission tomography: a first human study. Ann Nucl Med 17:457–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Mizuno M, Kimura Y, Kawamura K, Oda K, Sasaki T, Nakamura Y, Muraoka I, Ishii K (2004) Potential of [11C]TMSX for the evaluation of adenosine A2A receptors in the skeletal muscle by positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 31:949–956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Mishina M, Kimura Y, Oda K, Sasaki T, Ishii K (2005) First visualization of adenosine A(2A) receptors in the human brain by positron emission tomography with [11C]TMSX. Synapse 55:133–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiwata K, Kawamura K, Yanai K, Hendrikse NH (2007) In vivo evaluation of P-glycoprotein modulation of 8 PET radioligands used clinically. J Nucl Med 48:81–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson KA (2009) Introduction to adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Handb Exp Pharmacol (193):1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson KA, Gao ZG (2006) Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:247–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalla RV, Zablocki J, Tabrizi MA, Baraldi PG (2009) Recent developments in A2B adenosine receptor ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol (193):99–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesewetter DO, Lang L, Ma Y, Bhattacharjee AK, Gao ZG, Joshi BV, Melman A, de Castro S, Jacobson KA (2009) Synthesis and characterization of [76Br]-labeled high-affinity A3 adenosine receptor ligands for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 36:3–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura Y, Ishii K, Fukumitsu N, Oda K, Sasaki T, Kawamura K, Ishiwata K (2004) Quantitative analysis of adenosine A1 receptors in human brain using positron emission tomography and [1-methyl-11C]8-dicyclopropylmethyl-1-methyl-3-propylxanthine. Nucl Med Biol 31:975–981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marian T, Boros I, Lengyel Z, Balkay L, Horvath G, Emri M, Sarkadi E, Szentmiklosi AJ, Fekete I, Tron L (1999) Preparation and primary evaluation of [11C]CSC as a possible tracer for mapping adenosine A2A receptors by PET. Appl Radiat Isot 50:887–893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason NS, Mathis CA (2005) Positron emission tomography agents for central nervous system drug development applications. In: Doherty AM (ed) Annual reports in medicinal chemistry, vol 40. Academic, Sandwich, pp 49–51

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuya T, Takamatsu H, Murakami Y, Noda A, Ichise R, Awaga Y, Nishimura S (2005) Synthesis and evaluation of [11C]FR194921 as a nonxanthine-type PET tracer for adenosine A1 receptors in the brain. Nucl Med Biol 32:837–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matusch A, Meyer PT, Bier D, Holschbach MH, Woitalla D, Elmenhorst D, Winz OH, Zilles K, Bauer A (2006) Metabolism of the A(1) adenosine receptor PET ligand [(18)F]CPFPX by CYP1A2: implications for bolus/infusion PET studies. Nucl Med Biol 33:891–898

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Bier D, Holschbach MH, Cremer M, Tellmann L, Bauer A (2003) Image of the month. In vivo imaging of rat brain A1 adenosine receptor occupancy by caffeine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1440

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Bier D, Holschbach MH, Boy C, Olsson RA, Coenen HH, Zilles K, Bauer A (2004) Quantification of cerebral A1 adenosine receptors in humans using [18F]CPFPX and PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:323–333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Elmenhorst D, Bier D, Holschbach MH, Matusch A, Coenen HH, Zilles K, Bauer A (2005a) Quantification of cerebral A1 adenosine receptors in humans using [18F]CPFPX and PET: an equilibrium approach. Neuroimage 24:1192–1204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Elmenhorst D, Zilles K, Bauer A (2005b) Simplified quantification of cerebral A1 adenosine receptors using [18F]CPFPX and PET: analyses based on venous blood sampling. Synapse 55:212–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Elmenhorst D, Boy C, Winz O, Matusch A, Zilles K, Bauer A (2006a) Effect of aging on cerebral A(1) adenosine receptors: A [(18)F]CPFPX PET study in humans. Neurobiol Aging 28:1914–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Elmenhorst D, Matusch A, Winz O, Zilles K, Bauer A (2006b) 18F-CPFPX PET: on the generation of parametric images and the effect of scan duration. J Nucl Med 47:200–207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PT, Elmenhorst D, Matusch A, Winz O, Zilles K, Bauer A (2006c) A1 adenosine receptor PET using [18F]CPFPX: displacement studies in humans. Neuroimage 32:1100–1105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishina M, Ishiwata K, Kimura Y, Naganawa M, Oda K, Kobayashi S, Katayama Y, Ishii K (2007) Evaluation of distribution of adenosine A(2A) receptors in normal human brain measured with [C-11]TMSX PET. Synapse 61:778–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishina M, Ishiwata K, Naganawa M, Kimura Y, Kitamura S, Suzuki M, Hashimoto M, Ishibashi K, Oda K, Sakata M, Hamamoto M, Kobayashi S, Katayama Y, Ishii K (2011) Adenosine A(2A) receptors measured with [C]TMSX PET in the striata of Parkinson’s disease patients. PLoS One 6:e17338

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishina M, Kimura Y, Naganawa M, Ishii K, Oda K, Sakata M, Toyohara J, Kobayashi S, Katayama Y, Ishiwata K (2012) Differential effects of age on human striatal adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors. Synapse 66:832–839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno M, Kimura Y, Tokizawa K, Ishii K, Oda K, Sasaki T, Nakamura Y, Muraoka I, Ishiwata K (2005) Greater adenosine A(2A) receptor densities in cardiac and skeletal muscle in endurance-trained men: a [11C]TMSX PET study. Nucl Med Biol 32:831–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moerlein SM, Laufer P, Stocklin G (1985) Effect of lipophilicity on the in vivo localization of radiolabelled spiperone analogues. Int J Nucl Med Biol 12:353–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moresco RM, Todde S, Belloli S, Simonelli P, Panzacchi A, Rigamonti M, Galli-Kienle M, Fazio F (2005) In vivo imaging of adenosine A2A receptors in rat and primate brain using [11C]SCH442416. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:405–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naganawa M, Kimura Y, Mishina M, Manabe Y, Chihara K, Oda K, Ishii K, Ishiwata K (2007) Quantification of adenosine A2A receptors in the human brain using [11C]TMSX and positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:679–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naganawa M, Kimura Y, Yano J, Mishina M, Yanagisawa M, Ishii K, Oda K, Ishiwata K (2008) Robust estimation of the arterial input function for Logan plots using an intersectional searching algorithm and clustering in positron emission tomography for neuroreceptor imaging. Neuroimage 40:26–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nariai T, Shimada Y, Ishiwata K, Nagaoka T, Shimada J, Kuroiwa T, Ono K, Ohno K, Hirakawa K, Senda M (2003) PET imaging of adenosine A(1) receptors with (11)C-MPDX as an indicator of severe cerebral ischemic insult. J Nucl Med 44:1839–1844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi J, Ishiwata K, Furuta R, Simada J, Kiyosawa M, Ishii S, Endo K, Suzuki F, Senda M (1997) Evaluation of carbon-11 labeled KF15372 and its ethyl and methyl derivatives as a potential CNS adenosine A1 receptor ligand. Nucl Med Biol 24:53–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul S, Elsinga PH, Ishiwata K, Dierckx RA, van Waarde A (2011) Adenosine A(1) receptors in the central nervous system: their functions in health and disease, and possible elucidation by PET imaging. Curr Med Chem 18:4820–4835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poucher SM, Keddie JR, Singh P, Stoggall SM, Caulkett PW, Jones G, Coll MG (1995) The in vitro pharmacology of ZM 241385, a potent, non-xanthine A2a selective adenosine receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 115:1096–1102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramlackhansingh AF, Bose SK, Ahmed I, Turkheimer FE, Pavese N, Brooks DJ (2011) Adenosine 2A receptor availability in dyskinetic and nondyskinetic patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 76:1811–1816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sihver W, Holschbach MH, Bier D, Wutz W, Schulze A, Olsson RA, Coenen HH (2003) Evaluation of radioiodinated 8-Cyclopentyl-3-[(E)-3-iodoprop-2-en-1-yl]-1-propylxanthine ([*I]CPIPX) as a new potential A1 adenosine receptor antagonist for SPECT. Nucl Med Biol 30:661–668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sihver W, Bier D, Holschbach MH, Schulze A, Wutz W, Olsson RA, Coenen HH (2004) Binding of tritiated and radioiodinated ZM241,385 to brain A2A adenosine receptors. Nucl Med Biol 31:173–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todde S, Moresco RM, Simonelli P, Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Spalluto G, Varani K, Monopoli A, Matarrese M, Carpinelli A, Magni F, Kienle MG, Fazio F (2000) Design, radiosynthesis, and biodistribution of a new potent and selective ligand for in vivo imaging of the adenosine A(2A) receptor system using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 43:4359–4362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wadsak W, Mien LK, Shanab K, Ettlinger DE, Haeusler D, Sindelar K, Lanzenberger RR, Spreitzer H, Viernstein H, Keppler BK, Dudczak R, Kletter K, Mitterhauser M (2008) Preparation and first evaluation of [(18)F]FE@SUPPY: a new PET tracer for the adenosine A(3) receptor. Nucl Med Biol 35:61–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang WF, Ishiwata K, Nonaka H, Ishii S, Kiyosawa M, Shimada J, Suzuki F, Senda M (2000) Carbon-11-labeled KF21213: a highly selective ligand for mapping CNS adenosine A(2A) receptors with positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 27:541–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitzer JM, Morales-Villagran A, Maidment NT, Behnke EJ, Ackerson LC, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Fried I, Engel J, Wilson CL (2006) Extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep and sleep deprivation: an in vivo microdialysis study. Sleep 29:455–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INM-2, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany

    David Elmenhorst MD & Andreas Bauer MD

  2. INM-5, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany

    Dirk Bier PhD & Marcus Holschbach PhD

  3. Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Andreas Bauer MD

Authors
  1. David Elmenhorst MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dirk Bier PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marcus Holschbach PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andreas Bauer MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Elmenhorst MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F.J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Molecular Neurobiology, Universtiy of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Paul G.M. Luiten

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Elmenhorst, D., Bier, D., Holschbach, M., Bauer, A. (2014). Imaging of Adenosine Receptors. In: Dierckx, R., Otte, A., de Vries, E., van Waarde, A., Luiten, P. (eds) PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-42014-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-42014-6_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-42013-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-42014-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation