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Effects of Morphine and Alcohol on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis, Immunity, and Cognitive Behavior

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Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders

Abstract

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The HPA axis has been shown to regulate immune responses. The main hormones involved in the HPA axis are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucocorticoids (GC), which are also called stress hormones. These hormones contribute to the regulation of immune responses and can also affect neuronal survival, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and behavioral responses [1, 2]. The HPA axis is a three-tiered biological system that begins at the highest level with the release of CRH from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). CRH-expressing neurons located in the PVN of the hypothalamus play a pivotal role in orchestrating the central stress response. CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. In turn, ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to increase the production and release of GC hormones. Proper functioning of all of these neurons is essential for maintaining a homeostatic state following a stressful event. Several neuronal pathways modulate HPA axis activity. For example, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex inhibit the HPA axis, and the amygdala and monoaminergic input from the brainstem stimulate CRH production by PVN neurons. GC hormones exert negative feedback control of the HPA axis by binding to GC receptors on hippocampal and hypothalamic PVN neurons [3–5].

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported, in part, by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01 DA007058, R01 DA 026356, K02 DA016149, and RC2 AA019415 to SLC). The authors would also like to thank Dr. Louaine Spriggs and Ms. Kaitlyn P. Connaghan for the significant editorial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA

    Sulie L. Chang & Xiangqian Liu

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA

    Sulie L. Chang

  3. Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China

    Xiangqian Liu

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  1. Sulie L. Chang
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  2. Xiangqian Liu
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Correspondence to Sulie L. Chang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, NIH, Fishers Lane 5635, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Changhai Cui

  2. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, NIH, Fishers Lane 5635, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Lindsey Grandison

  3. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, NIH, Fishers Lane 5635, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Antonio Noronha

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Chang, S.L., Liu, X. (2013). Effects of Morphine and Alcohol on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis, Immunity, and Cognitive Behavior. In: Cui, C., Grandison, L., Noronha, A. (eds) Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_15

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