Skip to main content

Selected Pathogens of Concern to Industrial Food Processors: Infectious, Toxigenic, Toxico-Infectious, Selected Emerging Pathogenic Bacteria

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Principles of Microbiological Troubleshooting in the Industrial Food Processing Environment

Abstract

This chapter, written by several contributing authors, is devoted to discussing selected microbes of contemporary importance. Microbes from three categories are described by the following: (1) infectious invasive agents like Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter; (2) toxigenic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium botulinum; and (3) toxico-infectious agents like enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. In addition, emerging pathogens, like Cronobacter (Enterobacter) sakazakii, Arcobacter spp., and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are also described.

In most cases, the discussion includes a description of the organism itself, economic impact of the organism (due to disease, loss of market share, etc.), disease syndromes/infectious process, infectious dose, reservoirs (where the organism originates in the food processing chain), foods associated with the organism, and the occurrence of the organism in food processing environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams (1973) Inactivation of Clostridium perfringens type A spores at ultrahigh temperatures. Appl Microbiol 26(3):282–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan JT, Yan Z, Genzlinger LL, Kornacki. JL (2004) Temperature and biological soil effects on the survival of selected foodborne pathogens on a mortar surface. J Food Prot 67(12):2661–2665

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altekruse SF, Stern NJ, Fields PI, Swerdlow DL (1999) Campylobacter jejuni – An emerging foodborne pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 5:28–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter T, Scherer K (2006) Stress response of Campylobacter spp. and its role in food processing. J Vet Med 53:351–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arseni A, Malamou-Lada H, Kostalos C, Sta-I-Kou A, Koustia H (1985) A fatal case of sepsis in a premature newborn baby associated with Enterobacter sakazakii bacteremia. Acta Microbiol Hell 29:402–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Assadi MM, Mathur RP (1991) Application of an HPLC system in the analysis of biodegraded crude oil compounds. J Liq Chromatogr 14:3623–3629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atabay HI, Corry JEL (1997) The prevalence of campylobacters and arcobacters in broiler chickens. J Appl Microbiol 83:619–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atabay HI, Corry JEL, On SLW (1998) Diversity and prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broiler chickens. J Appl Microbiol 84:1007–1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baksh FK, Finkelstein SD, Ariyanayagam-Baksh SM, et al (2004) Absence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the microdissected granulomas of Crohn’s disease. Mod Pathol 10:1289–1294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Oz B, Preminger A, Peleg O, Block C, Arad I (2001) Enterobacter sakazakii infection in the newborn. Acta-Paediatrica 90:356–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett R, Belay N (2001) Bacillus cereus, Chapter 32. In: Downes FB, Ito K (eds) Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 4th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Besser RE, Griffin PM, Slutsker L (1999) Escherichia coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome: An emerging infectious disease. Annu Rev Med 50:355–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biering G, Karlsson S, Clark NVC, Jonsdottir KE, Ludvigsson P, Steingrimsson O (1989) Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J Clin Microbiol 27:2054–2056

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block C, Peleg O, Minster N, Bar-Oz B, Simhon A, Arad I, Shapiro M (2002) Cluster of Neonatal infections in Jerusalem due to unusual biochemical variant of Enterobacter sakazakii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21:613–616

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boor K (2001) Molecular approaches for monitoring Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Talk presented at the Food Microbiology Research Conference XVIII. Chicago, 5 Nov 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen AB, Braden CR (2006) Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1185–1189

    Google Scholar 

  • Braconnier A, Broussolle V, Dargaignaratz C, Nguyen-The C, Carlin F (2003) Growth and germination of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum in vegetable-based media. J Food Prot 66:833–839

    Google Scholar 

  • Braden C (2006) Clinical and epidemiological significance of E. sakazakii: Symposium on Enterobacter sakazakii. Int Assoc Food Prot Ann Meeting, Calgary Alberta, 13–16 Aug 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw M, Dineen SS, Maks ND, Johnson EA (2004) Regulation of neurotoxin complex expression in Clostridium botulinum strains 62A, Hall A-hyper, and NCTC 2916. Anaerobe 10:321–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw JG, Peeler JT, Twedt RM (1977) Thermal inactivation of ileal loop-reactive Clostridium perfringens type A strains in phosphate buffer and beef gravy. Appl Environ Microbiol 34(3):280–284

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breeuwer P, Lardeau A, Peterz M, Joosten HM (2003) Desiccation and heat tolerance of Enterobacter sakazakii. J Appl Microbiol 95:967–973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breeuwer P, Michot L, Joosten H (2004) Genetic basis of dry stress resistance of Enterobacter sakazakii, Abstract #T75, Program and Abstract Book, p. 156. 91st Ann Mtg, Int Assn Food Prot, Phoenix, 8–11 August 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner KG, Wong ACL (1992) Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production in mushrooms. J Food Sci 57(3):700–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan FL (1983) Epidermiology of milk-borne diseases. J Food Prot 46:637–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull TJ, McMinn EJ, Sidi-Boumedine K, et al (2003) Detection and verification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fresh ileocolonic mucosal biopsy specimens from individuals with and without Crohn’s Disease. J Clin Microbiol 41:2915–2923

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdette JH, Santos C (2000) Enterobacter sakazakii brain abscess in the neonate: The importance of neuroradiologic imaging. Pediatr Radiol 30:33–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butzler JP (2004) Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:868–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buzby JC, Roberts T (1996) ERS Updates US Foodborne Disease Costs for Seven Pathogens. Food Rev 19:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1994) Bacillus cereus food poisoning associated with fried rice at two child day care centers-Virginia, 1993. MMWR 43:177–178

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1998) Botulism in the United States, 1899–1996. In: Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2000) Surveillance summaries. March 17. MMWR 49(No. SS–1)

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2001) Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illness: A Primer for Physicians. January 26, 50(RR02): 1–69

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2004) Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: A primer for physicians, 2nd rev. MMWR April 16. 53(RR 04):1–33. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5304a1.htm. Accessed 24 April 2009

  • CDC (2007) Multi-state outbreak of Salmonella serotype Tennessee infections associated with peanut butter – United States, 2006–2007. June 1. MMWR 56(21):521–524

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2009) Multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections associated with peanut butter and peanut butter-containing products-United States, 2008–2009. January 29. MMWR 58(Early Release):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Callicott KA, Friethriksdottir V, Reiersen J, Lowman R, Bisaillon JR, Gunnarsson E, Berndtson E, Hiett KL, Needleman DS, Stern NJ (2006) Lack of evidence for vertical transmission of Campylobacter spp. in chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5794–5798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caubilla-Barron J, Forsythe SJ (2006) P-019. Long-term persistence and recovery of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae from powdered infant milk formula. Am Soc Microbiol Gen Mtg. Orlando, 21–25 May 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini RJ (1989) Crohn’s disease and the mycobacterioses: A review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev 2:90–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini RJ, Herman-Taylor J (1993) The thermal resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in raw milk under conditions simulating pasteurization. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:629–631

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini RJ, Kruiningen HJ, Thayer WR, et al (1986) Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol 24:357–363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini RJ, Van Kruingen HJ, Merkal RS, Thayer WR, Jr., Coutu JA (1984) Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol 20:966–971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DL, Anderson JL, Koziczkowski JJ, Ellingson JL (2005) Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail cheese curds from Wisconsin and Minnesota. Poster P4-43. IAFP Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. J Food Prot 68(Supplement A):135

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark NC, Hill BC, O’Hara CM, Steingrimsson O, Cooksey RC (1990) Epidemiologic typing of Enterobacter sakazakii in two neonatal nosocomial outbreaks. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 13:467–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (1979) Recommended international code of hygienic practice for foods for infants and children. CAC/ RCP 21-1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Coignard B, Valliant V (2004) Infections à Enterobacter sakazakii assssociées à la consommation d’une préparation en poudre pour nourrissons. France, octobre à decembre 2004. Rapport d’investigation. (Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the consumption of powdered infant formula. France, October to December 2004. Investigation report.) Editions InVS, Saint-Maurice, France, 2006. 88p. Also available at http://www.invs.sante.fr/display/?doc = publications/2006/infections_e_sakazakii/index.html. Accessed 4 May 2009

  • Coignard B, Vaillant V, Vincent J-P, Lefléche A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bernet C, L’Hériteau F, Sénéchal H, Grimont P, Bingen E, Desenclos JC (2006) Infections sévères à Enterobacter sakazakii chez des nouveau-nés ayant consommé une préparation en poudre pour nourrissons, France, octobre-décembre 2004. (Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the consumption of powdered infant formula. France, October to December 2004. Investigation report.) BEH no. 2–3, 10–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins MT (2001) Ecological and physical characteristics of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Talk presented at IAFP Symposium S14 – Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: Villain or Bystander? Minneapolis, 5–8 Aug 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins CI, Wesley IV, Murano EA (1996) Detection of Arcobacter spp. in ground pork by modified plating methods. J Food Prot 59:448–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins MT, Sockett DC, Goodger WJ, Conrad TA, Thomas CB, Carr DJ (1994) Herd prevalence and geographic distribution of, and risk factors for, bovine paratuberculosis in Wisconsin. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:636–641

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins MT, Spahr U, Murphy PM (2001) Ecological characteristics of M. paratuberculosis, Chapter 3. In: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No. 362. IDF/FIL, Brussels, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corry JEL, Atabay HI (2001) Poultry as a source of Campylobacter and related organisms. J Appl Microbiol 90:96S–114S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cottyn B, Regalado E, Lanoot B, De Cleene M, Mew TW, Swings J (2001) Bacterial populations associated with rice seed in the tropical environment. Phytopathology 91:282–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox NA, Stern NJ, Hiett KL, Berrang ME (2002) Identification of a new source of Campylobacter contamination in poultry: Transmission from breeder hens to broiler chickens. Avian Dis 46:535–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz AC, Fernandez E, Salinas E, Ramirez P, Montiel C, Eslava CA (2004) Q-051. Characterization of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from different sources. Am Soc for Microbiol 104th Gen Mtg. New Orleans, 23–27 May 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham AF, Spreadbury CL (1998) Mycobacterial stationary phase induced by low oxygen tension: Cell wall thickening and localization of the 16 kilodalton a-crystalin homolog. J Bacteriol 180:801–808

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aoust JY (1991) Pathogenicity of foodborne Salmonella. Int J Food Microbiol 12:17–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aoust JY (1997) Salmonella species, Chapter 8. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC, pp. 129–158

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Aoust JY, Aris BJ, Thisdele P, Durante A, Brisson N, Dragon D, Lachapelle G, Johnston M, Laidley R (1975) Salmonella eastbourne outbreak associated with chocolate. Can Inst Food Sci Technol J 8:181–184

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Aoust JY, Warburton DW, Sewell AM (1985) Salmonella typhimurium phage type 10 from cheddar cheese implicated in a major Canadian foodborne outbreak. J Food Prot 48:1062–1066

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta AR (2003) Listeria monocytogenes, Chapter 7. In: Milliotis MD, Bier JW (eds) International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens. CRC, Danvers, MA, pp. 105–122

    Google Scholar 

  • David JRD, Graves RH, Carlson VR (1996) Aseptic Processing and Packaging of Food: An Industry Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 185

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle LP (1944) A Vibrio associated with swine dysentery. Am J Vet Res 5:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle MP (ed) (1989) Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) (1997a) Food Microbiology Fundamentals and Frontiers. ASM Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle MP, Roman DJ (1982) Response of Campylobacter jejuni to sodium chloride. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:561–565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle MP, Schoeni J (1994) Survival and growth characteristics of Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:855–856

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle MP, Zhao T, Meng J, Zhao S (1997b) Escherichia coli O157:H7, Chapter 10. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. Amer Soc Microbiol Press, Washington, DC, pp. 171–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle TM (1956) Johne’s disease. Vet Rec 68:869–878

    Google Scholar 

  • Drudy D, Mullane NR, Quinn T, Wall PG, Fanning S (2006) Enterobacter sakazakii: An emerging pathogen in powdered infant formula. Clin Infect Dis 42:996–1002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edelson-Mammel SG, Porteous M, Buchanan R (2005) Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in a dehydrated powdered infant formula. J Food Prot 68:1900–1902

    Google Scholar 

  • Eifert JD, Castle RM, Pierson FW, Hackney CR, Larsen C (2003) Comparison of sampling techniques for detection of Arcobacter butzleri from chickens. Poult Sci 82(12):1898–1902

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingson JL, Anderson JL, Kozickowski JJ, Radcliff RP, Sloan SJ, Allen SE, Sullivan NM (2005) Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR. J Food Prot 68(5):966–972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingson JLE, Cheville JC, Brees D, et al (2003) Absence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis components from Crohn’s disease intestinal biopsy tissues. Clin Med Res 1:217–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emilani F, Lajmanovich R, Gonzales SM (2001) Escherichia coli: Biochemical phenotype diversity in fresh waters (Santa Fe Province, Argentina). Rev Argent De Microbiol 33: 65–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson M, Kornacki JL (2003) Bacillus anthracis: Current knowledge in relation to contamination in food. J Food Prot 66(4):691–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eslava C, Villaseca J, Hernandez U, Cravioto A (2003) Escherichia coli, Chapter 8. In: Miliotis M, Bier J (eds) International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 123–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Espeland EM, Wetzel RG (2001) Complexation, stabilization, and UV photolysis of extracellular and surface-bound glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase: Implications for biofilm microbiota. Microbiol Ecol 42:572–585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • European Food Safety Authority (2004) Microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae. EFSA J, 113:1–35. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/biohaz/biohaz_opinions/691.html. Accessed 28 April 2009

  • Farmer JJ, Asbury MA, Hickman FW, Brenner DJ, and the Enterobacteriaceae Study Group (1980) Enterobacter sakazakii, new species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 30:569–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FDA (1996) 21CFR Parts 106 and 107, Current good manufacturing practice, quality control procedures, quality factors, notification requirements, and records and reports for the production of infant formula; proposed rule. Federal Register July 9. 61(132): 36153–36219. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼lrd/fr960709.html. Accessed 5 May 2009

  • FDA (2001) Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼mow/chap15.html. Accessed 24 April 2009

  • FDA (2002a) Isolation and enumeration of Enterobacter sakazakii from dehydrated powdered infant formula. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼comm/mmesakaz.html. Accessed 5 Nov 2003

  • FDA (2002b) Questions and answers on method for E. Sakazakii in powdered infant formula. Aug 2002. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼comm/mmesakqa.html. Accessed 21 Oct 2003

  • FDA (2006) 21CFR Parts 106 and 107, Current good manufacturing practice, quality control procedures, quality factors, notification requirements, and records for the production of infant formula: Reopening of comment period. Federal Register Aug 1 71(147):43392–43398

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA (2008a) Guidance for industry control of Listeria in refrigerated or frozen ready-to-eat foods. Draft Guidance. (Contains Nonbinding Recommendations). February. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/lmrtegui.html. Accessed 23 April 2009

  • FDA (2008b) Compliance policy guide guidance for FDA staff Sec. 555.320, Listeria monocytogenes: Draft guidance. http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/FDA-2008-D-0058-GDL.pdf. Accessed 23 April 2009

  • FDA-CFSAN/USDA-FSIS (2003) USDA_FSIS/ FDA-CFSAN/CDC. 2003. Quantitative Assessment of Relative Risk to Public Health from Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes Among Selected Categories of Ready-to-Eat Foods. September. http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/RiskAssessmentSafetyAssessment/ucm183966.htm Accessed March 10, 2010.

  • Feng P (1995) Escherichia coli O157:H7: Novel vehicles of infection and emergence of phenotypic variants. Emerg Infect Dis April–June 1(2):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Festy B, Squinazi F, Marin M, Derimay R, Lior H (1993) Poultry meat and water as the possible sources of Arcobacter butzleri associated with human disease in Paris, France. Acta Gastro-Enterol Belg 56(suppl. 34):35

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2004) Joint FAO/WHO workshop on Enterbacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula, Geneva, 2–5 Feb 2004. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/jemra/meetings/feb2004/en/. Accessed 28 April 2009

  • Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2006) Joint FAO/WHO workshop on Enterbacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula, FAO headquarters Rome, Italy, 16–20 January, 2006. http://www.ibfanasia.org/Contaminats/FAO-WHO%20Report%20E%20sakakazii%20and%20Salmonella%20in%20PIF%20Advance%20copy.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2009

  • Food Science Australia (2000) Sprouts and foodborne disease. In: Food Safety and Hygiene – A bulletin for the Australian Food Industry. Food Science Australia. November.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis DH, Collins JE, Duimstra JR (1986) Infection of gnotobiotic pigs with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain associated with an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis. Infect Immun 51: 953–956

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco DA, Williams CE (1994) Campylobacter jejuni. In: Hui YH, Gorham JR, Murrell KD, Cliver DO (eds) Foodborne Disease Handbook, vol 1. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 71–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman H, Noble M (2005) Lack of evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:782–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gakuya FM, Kyule MN, Gathura PB, Kariuki S (2001) Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial organisms isolated from rats. East Afr Med J 78:646–649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher PG, Ball WS (1991) Cerebral infarctions due to CNS infection with Enterobacter sakazakii. Pediatr Radiol 21:135–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gassem MAA (1999) Study of the micro-organisms associated with fermented bread (khamir) produced from sorghum in Gizan region, Saudi Arabia. J Appl Microbiol 86:221–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gassem MAA (2002) A microbiological study of sobia: A fermented beverage in the Western province of Saudi Arabia. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:173–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgsson F, Thornorkelsson AE, Geirsdottir M, Reiersen J, Stern NJ (2006) The influence of freezing and duration of storage on Campylobacter and indicator bacteria in broiler carcasses. Food Microbiol 23:677–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill CO, Harris LM (1983) Limiting conditions of temperature and pH for growth of thermophilic campylobacters on solid media. J Food Prot 46:767–768

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass KA, Johnson EA (2004) Antagonistic effect of fat on the antibotulinal activity of food preservatives and fatty acids. Food Microbiol 21:675–682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham AF, Mason DR, Maxwell FJ, Peck MW (1997) Effect of pH and NaCl on growth from spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum at chill temperatures. Lett Appl Microbiol 24:95–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant J, Wendelboe AM, Wendel A, Jepson B, Torres P, Smelser C, Rolfs RT (2008) Spinach-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak, Utah and New Mexico, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis October 2008 14(10):1633–1636. http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/14/10/pdfs/1633.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2009

  • Greenwood MH, Hopper WL (1983) Chocolate bars contaminated with Salmonella napoli: An infectivity study. Br Med J 286:1394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin PM, Ostroff SM, Tauxe RV, Greene KD, Wells JG, Lewis JH, Blake P (1988) Illnesses associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. Ann Intern Med 109:705–712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gude A, Hillman TJ, Helps CR, Allen VM, Corry JEL (2005) Ecology of Arcobacter species in chicken rearing and processing. Lett Appl Microbiol 41:82–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurtler JB, Beuchat LR (2007) Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. J Food Prot 70:1579–1586

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurtler JB, Kornacki JL, Beuchat LR (2005) Enterobacter sakazakii: A coliform of increased concern to infant health. Int J Food Microbiol 104:1–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzewich J (2006) Current approaches to investigating cases of E. sakazakii: Symposium on Enterobacter sakazakii. Int Assoc Food Prot Ann Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, 13–16 Aug 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JV, Lehane MJ, Braig HR (2003) Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from midgut of Stomoxys calcitrans. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1355–1356

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammack S, Johnson M, French D, Reynolds A, Reynolds S, Shelton J (February 1990) Originally published as a News Release. University of Georgia, Cooperative Extension Service (http://www.ces.uga.edu)

  • Hanes D (2003) Nontyphoid Salmonella, Chapter 9. In: Miliotis MD, Bier JW (eds) International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 137–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris BA, Barletta RG (2001) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in veterinary medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:489–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauschild AHW (1989) Clostridium botulinum. In: Doyle MP (ed) Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 111–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Havelaar AH, Zwietering M (2004) On the risk of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula. Trends Food Sci Technol 15:99–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Health C (2006) Health products and food branch (HPFB) standards and guidelines for microbiological safety of food – an interpretive summary. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/res-rech/analy-meth/microbio/volume1/intsum-somexp_e.html. Accessed 28 November 2006

  • Helgason E, Økstad OA, Caugant DA, Johansen HA, Fouet A, Mock M, Hegna I, Kolstø AB (2000) Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis—one species on the basis of genetic evidence. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2627–2630

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennessy WH, Hedberg CW, Slutsker L, White KE, Besser-Wiek JM, Moen ME, Feldman J, Coleman WW, Edmonson LM, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT (1996) A national outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. New Engl J Med 334:1281–1286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermon-Taylor J (2001) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: The nature of the problem. Food Control 12:331–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiett KL, Cox NA, Buhr RJ, Stern NJ (2002) Genotype analysis of Campylobacter isolated from distinct segments of the reproductive tracts of broiler breeder hens. Curr Microbiol 45:400–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himelright I, Harris E, Lorch V, Anderson M, Jones T, Craig A, Kuehnert M, Forster T, Arduino M, Jensen B, Jernigan D (2002) Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula – Tennessee. MMWR 51:298–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Houf K, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J, Vandamme P (2002) Occurrence and distribution of Arcobacter species in poultry processing. J Food Prot 65(8):1233–1239

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes RA, Cornblath DR (2005) Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet 366:1653–1666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IAFP (1999) Procedures to Investigate Foodborne Disease, 5th edn. Table B (Illnesses Acquired by Ingestion of Contaminated Foods: A Condensed Classification by Symptoms, Incubation Periods, and Types of Agents)

    Google Scholar 

  • ICMSF (2002) Microorganims in Foods, vol 7. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • ICMSF (2002) E. coli O157:H7 in frozen raw ground beef patties, Chapter 17. In: Tomkin RB et al (eds) Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management. Kluwer/Plenum Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILSI (2005) Achieving continuous improvement in reductions in foodborne Listeriosis – A risk-based approach. J Food Prot 68:1932–1994

    Google Scholar 

  • International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) (2002) Microorganisms in Foods, vol 7: Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management, Chapter 8. Selection of cases and attribute plans. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • International baby food action network (IBFAN) (2005) International code documentation centre legal update, March. http://www.ibfan.org/english/pdfs/icdc0205.pdf. Accessed 11 December 2006

  • Iversen C, Caubilla-Barron J, Forsythe S (2004a) P-004. Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacteriaceae and other Microbial Contaminants from Powdered Infant Formula Milk and Related Products. American Society for Microbiology 104th General Meeting, New Orleans

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen C, Druggan P, Forsythe S (2004b) A selective medium for Enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study. Int J Food Microbiol 96:133–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen C, Forsythe S (2003) Risk profile of Enterobacter sakazakii, an emergent pathogen associated with infant milk formula. Trends Food Sci Technol 14:443–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen C, Forsythe S (2004) Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae from powdered formula milk and related products. Food Microbiol 21:771–777

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jablonski LM, Bohach GA (2001) Staphylococcus aureus. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 2nd edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 411–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs-Reitsma WF (2000) Campylobacter in the food supply. In: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ (eds) Campylobacter, 2nd edn. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 467–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Janicka G, Kania I, Ulatowska B, Krusznska E, Wojda M (1999) The occurrence of the Enterobacter genus rods in clinical material and material taken from hospital environment. Wiadomosci Lekaarskie 52:554–558

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jay J, Loessner M, Golden DA (2005) Modern Food Microbiology, 7th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jay JM (2000) Food poisoning caused by gram-positive sporeforming bacteria. In: Modern Food Microbiology, 6th edn. ASPEN, Gaithersburg, MD, pp. 461–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenson I, Moir CJ (1997) Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. In: Hocking AD, Arnold G, Jenson I, Newton K, Sutherland P (eds) Foodborne Microorganisms of Public Health Importance, 5th edn. AIFST (NSW Branch), Sydney, Australia, pp. 379–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Joerger RD (2003) Alternatives to antibiotics: Bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages. Poult Sci 82:640–647

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen KA, Hugen EE, Payeur JB (2006) Growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the presence of hexadecylpyridinium chloride, natamycin, and vancomycin. J Food Prot 69:878–883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EA (1999) Clostridium botulinum Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 458–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöker RN, Norholm T, Siboni KE (1965) A case of neonatal meningitis caused by a yellow Enterobacter. Danish Med Bull 12:128–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones PH, Willis AT, Robinson DA, Skirrow MB, Josephs DS (1981) Campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk. J Hyg Camb 87:155–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RL (1989) Review of the economic impact of Johne’s disease in the United States. In: Milner AR, Woods PR (eds) Johne’s Disease: Current Trends in Research, Diagnosis and Management. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshua GW, Guthrie-Irons C, Karlyshev AV, Wren BW (2006) Biofilm formation in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol 152:387–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juneja VK, Eblen BS (1995) Influence of sodium chloride on thermal inactivation and recovery of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B strain KAP B5 spores. J Food Prot 58:813–816

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung M, Park J (2006) Prevalence and thermal stability of Enterobacter sakazakii from unprocessed ready-to-eat agricultural products and powdered infant formulas. Food Sci Biotech 15:152–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandhai MC, Reij MW, Gorris LGM, Guillaume-Gentil O, van Schothorst M (2004a) Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in food production environments and households. Lancet 363:39–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapperud G, Gustavsen S, Hellesnes I, Hansen AH, Lassen J, Hirn J, Jahkola M, Montenegro MA, Helmuth R (1990) Outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium traced to contaminated chocolate and caused by a strain lacking the 60-megadalton virulence plasmid. J Clin Microbiol 28:2597–2601

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keener KM, Bashor MP, Curtis PA, Sheldon BW, Kathariou S (2004) Comprehensive review of Campylobacter and poultry processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 3:105–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy D, HolmstrÖm A, Forshell KP, Vindell E, Suarez Fernandez G (2001) On-farm management of paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in dairy herds, Chapter 2. In: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No. 362. IDF/FIL, Brussels, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketley JM (1997) Pathogenesis of enteric infection by Campylobacter. Microbiol 143:5–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehlbauch JA, Brenner DJ, Nicholson MA, Baker CN, Patton CM, Steigerwalt AG, Wachsmuth IK (1991) Campylobacter butzleri sp. nov. isolated from humans and animals with diarrheal illness. J Clin Microbiol 29:376–385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Foegeding PM (1993) Principles of control. In: Hauschild AH, Dodds KL (eds) Clostridium botulinum: Ecology and Control in Foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 121–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiman MB, Allen SD, Neal P, Reynolds J (1981) Meningoencephalitis and compartmentalization of the cerebral ventricles caused by Enterobacter sakazakii. J Clin Microbiol 14:352–354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knill MJ, Suckling WG, Pearson AD (1982) Campylobacters from water. In: Newell DG (ed) Campylobacter: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Biochemistry. MTP Press, Lancaster, pp. 281–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornacki JL (1998) Enterobacter sakazakii: Pursuit of a putative pathogen in a dairy powder factory (a case study). American Dairy Sci Assn Ann Mtg, Denver, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornacki JL (2000) The nuts and bolts of food safety. Food Testing Anal 40:18–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornacki JL, Johnson J (2001) Enterobacteriaceae, Coliforms, and Escherichia coli as quality and safety indicators, Chapter 8. In: Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 4th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp. 69–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornacki JL, Marth EH (1982) Foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli: A review. J Food Prot 45:1051–1067

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer JM, Frost JA, Bolton FJ, Wareing DR (2000) Campylobacter contamination of raw meat and poultry at retail sale: Identification of multiple types and comparison with isolates from human infection. J Food Prot 63:1654–1659

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzina LV, Peloquin JJ, Vacek DC, Miller TA (2001) Isolation and identification of bacteria associated with adult laboratory Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae). Curr Microbiol 42:290–294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai KK (2001) Enterobacter sakazakii infections among neonates, infants, children, and adults: Case reports and a review of the literature. Med Baltimore 80:113–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lammerding AM (1996) Isolation method for the recovery of Arcobacter butzleri from fresh poultry and poultry products. In: Newell DG, Ketley JH, Feldman RA (eds) Campylobacter VIII. Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Related Organisms. Plenum Publishing, New York, pp. 329–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq A, Wanegue C, Baylac P (2002) Comparison of fecal coliform agar and violet red bile lactose agar for fecal coliform enumeration in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1631–1638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmacher A, Bockemuhl J, Aleksik S (1995) A nationwide outbreak of human salmonellosis in Germany due to contaminated paprika, and paprika powdered potato-chips. J Infect Dis 115:501–511

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehner A, Tasara T, Stephan R (2005) Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen. Int J Food Microbiol 102:127–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenati R, Lin M, Farber JM, Pagotto F (2006) Development of a non-primate model for Enterobacter sakazakii infection: Symposium on Enterobacter sakazakii. Int Assoc Food Prot Ann Mtg, Calgary Alberta, 13–16 Aug 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner J, Brumberger V, Preac-Mursic V (1994) Severe diarrhea associated with Arcobacter butzleri. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:660–662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuschner RGK, Baird F, Donald B, Cox L (2004) A medium for the presumptive detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. Food Microbiol 21:527–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell R, Levi M, Francis J (1942) Studies on the survival of Johne’s bacilli. J Comp Path 54:120–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Lozano-Leon A, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Dominguez-Monuz JE (2006) Letter to the Editor, Absence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn’s disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 12:1190–1191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luber P, Brynestad S, Topsch D, Scherer K, Bartelt E (2006) Quantification of Campylobacter species cross-contamination during handling of contaminated fresh chicken parts in kitchens. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:66–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lui Y (2001) Electronic DNA arrays for determination of pathogenic Bacillus cereus. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Bioprocess Technology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynt RK, Kautler DA, Reach RB, Jr (1975) Botulism in commercially canned foods. J Food Prot 38:546–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Mafart P, Couvert O, Lequerinel I (2001) Effect of pH on the heat resistance of spores – Comparison of two models. Int J Food Microbiol 63:51–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marinescu M, Collilgnon A, Squinazi F, Woodward D, Lior H (1996) Biotypes and serogroups of poultry strains of Arcobacter sp. isolated in France. In: Newall DG, Ketley JH (eds) Campylobacter VIII. Plenum Publishing, New York, pp. 519–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Masaki H, Asoh N, Tao M, Ikeda H, Degawa S, Matsumoto K, Inokuchi K, Watanabe K, Watanabe H, Oishi K, Nagatake T (2001) Detection of gram-negative bacteria in patients and hospital environments at a room in geriatric wards under the infections control against MRSA. J Jpn Assoc Infec Dis 75:144–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClane BA (2000) The action, genetics, and synthesis of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. In: Cary JW, Linz JE, Bhatnagar D (eds) Microbial Foodborne Diseases. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA, pp. 247–267

    Google Scholar 

  • McClane BA (2001) Clostridium perfringens. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 2nd edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 351–372

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden JJ, Butcher PD, Chiodini RJ, et al (1987) Crohn’s disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between mycobacterial species. J Clin Microbiol 25:796–801

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIngvale SC, Elhanafi D, Drake MA (2002) Optimization of reverse transcriptase PCR to detect viable shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(2):799–806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mead PS, Griffin PM (1998) Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lancet 352:1207–1212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCraig LF, Bresse JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV (1999) Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis Sept–Oct 5(5):607–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng J, Feng P, Doyle MP (2001) Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Chapter 35. In: Downes FP Ito K (eds) Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 4th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar D, Ford J, Sanderson J, Withey S, Tizard M, Doran T, Hermon-Taylor J (1996). IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3446–3452

    Google Scholar 

  • Millson M, Bokhout M, Carlson J, Spielberg L, Akdusm R, Borczyk A, Lior H (1991) An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni gastro-enteritis linked to meltwater contamination of a municipal well. Can. J. Public Health 82:27–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health New Zealand (2005) Enterobacter sakazakii. http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/526cb4a064b49a31cc257042007c4ef3?OpenDocument. Accessed 28 April 2009

  • Mishina D, Katsel P, Brown ST, Gilberts EC, Greenstein RJ (1996) On the etiology of Crohn’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9816–9820

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molin N, Snygg BG (1967) Effect of lipid materials on heat resistance of bacterial spores. Appl Microbiol 15:1422–1426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monroe PW, Tift WL (1979) Bacteremia associated with Enterobacter sakazakii (yellow, pigmented Enterobacter cloacae). J Clin Microbiol 10:850–851

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore JE, Madden RH (2000) The effect of thermal stress on Campylobacter coli. J Appl Microbiol 89:862–899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno GS, Griffiths PL, Connerton IF, Park RWA (1993) Occurrence of campylobacters in small domestic and laboratory animals. J App. Bacteriol 75:49–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan D, Gunneberg C, Gunnell D, Healing TD, Lamerton S, Soltanpoor N, Lewis DA, White DG (1994) An outbreak of Campylobacter infection associated with the consumption of unpasteurized milk at a large festival in England. Eur J Epidemiol 10:581–585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimore S, Wallace C (1998) HACCP: A Practical Approach. Aspen Publishers, Inc. Gaithersburg, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosso MDLA, de la Rosa MDC, Vivar C, Medina MDR (1994) Heterotrophic bacterial populations in the mineral waters of thermal springs in Spain. J Appl Bacteriol 77:370–381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy C, Carroll C, Jordan KN (2006) Environmental survival mechanisms of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. J Appl Microbiol 100:623–632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murrell WG, Scott WJ (1966) The heat resistance of bacterial spores at various water activities. J Gen Microbiol 43:411–425

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muytjens H (1985) Enterobacter sakazakii: Identification and clinical significance. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51:618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muytjens HL, Kollee LAA (1990) Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in neonates: Causative role of formula. Pediatric Infect Dis 9:372–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muytjens HL, Roelofs WH, Jaspar GHJ (1988) Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 26: 743–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Muytjens HL, Zanen HC, Sonderkamp HJ, Kolee LA, Wachsmuth IK, Farmer JJ (1983) Analysis of eight cases of neonatal meningitis and sepsis due to Enterobacter sakazakii. J Clin Microbiol 18:115–120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naser SA, Ghabrial G, Romero C, et al (2004) Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn’s disease. Lancet 364:1039–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naser SA, Schwartz D, Shafran I (2000) Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from breast milk of Crohn’s disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1094–1095

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM (1997a) Enterobacter sakazakii: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 34:103–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM (1997b) Incidence, survival, and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. J Food Prot 60:226–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Neelam M, Nawaz Z, Riazuddin S (1987) Hydrocarbon biodegradation biochemical characterization of bacteria isolated from local soils. Pakistan J Sci Ind Res 30:382–385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noriega FR, Kotloff KL, Martin MA, Schwalbe RS (1990) Nosocomial bacteremia caused by Enterobacter sakazakii and Leuconostoc mesenteroides resulting from extrinsic contamination of infant formula. Pediatr Infect Dis 9:447–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton DM, Braden CR (2007) Foodborne Listeriosis. In: Ryser ET, Marth EH (eds), Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 305–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Oh SW, Kang DH (2004) Fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5692–5694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson KE (2006) Quality control/industry perspectives: Symposium on Enterobacter sakazakii. Int Assoc Food Prot Ann Meeting, Calgary Alberta, 13–16 Aug 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Palumbo SA, Call JE, Schultz FJ, Williams AC (1995) Minimum and maximum temperatures for growth and verotoxin production by hemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 58(4):352–356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park SF (2002) The physiology of Campylobacter species and its relevance to their role as foodborne pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 74:177–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park CE, Sanders GW (1992) Occurrence of thermotolerant campylobacters in fresh vegetables sold at farmers’ outdoor markets and supermarkets. Can J Microbiol 38:313–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paton JC, Paton AW (1998) Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:45–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Peleg M, Cole MB (2000) Estimating the survival of Clostridium botulinum spores during heat treatments. J Food Prot 63:190–195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plowman J, Peck MW (2002) Use of a novel method to characterize the response of spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types B, E, and F to a wide range of germinants and conditions. J Appl Microbiol 92:681–694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghuberr EV, Matches JR (1990) Temperature range for growth of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and selected coliforms in E. coli medium. J Clin Microbiol 28:803–805

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray B (1996) Fundamental Food Microbiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy NR, Solomon HM, Fingerhut GA, Rhodehamel EJ, Balasubramaniam VM, Palaniappan S (1999) Inactivation of Clostridium botulinum type E spores by high pressure processing. J Food Saf 19:277–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reij MW, Den Aantrekker ED (2004) Recontamination as a source of pathogens in processed foods. Int J Food Microbiol 91:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reis AA, Zaza S, Langkop C, Tauxe RV, Blake PA (1990) A multistate outbreak of Salmonella chester linked to imported cantaloupe. Abstract. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. p. 238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Restaino L, Frampton EW, Lionberg WC, Becker RJ (2006) A chromogenic plating for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources. J of Food Prot 69:315–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodehammel EJ, Harmon SM (2001) Bacillus cereus, Chapter 14. In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼ebam/bam-14.html. Accessed 24 April 2009

  • Riordan T, Humphrey TJ, Fowles A (1993) A point source outbreak of Campylobacter infection related to bird-pecked milk. Epidemiol Infect 110:261–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JM, Thorpe CM, Rogers AB, Waldor. MK (2003) Critical roles for stx2, eae and tir in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in infant rabbits. Infect Immun 71(12):1–20. http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/71/12/7129.

  • Robertson LF, Johannessen GS, Gjerde BK, Loncarevic S (2002) Microbiological analysis of seed sprouts in Norway. Int J Food Microbiol 75:119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers S, Peiris P, Casadel G (2003) Inhibition of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum with lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins at refrigeration temperatures. J Food Prot 66:674–678

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter CA, Henning WR (2001) Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) from thin market cows at slaughter. Abstract. Poult Sci Vol. 80: Suppl. 1. 54th Ann Rec Meat Conf, Vol II. p. 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryser ET, Marth EH (eds) (1999) Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks JJ, Lieb S, Baldy LM, Berta S, Patton CM, White MC, Bigler WJ, White JJ (1986) Epidemic campylobacteriosis associated with a community water supply. Am J Public Health 76:424–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahin O, Morishita TY, Zhang Q (2002) Campylobacter colonization in poultry: Sources of infection and modes of transmission. Anim Health Res Rev 3:95–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler PR, Metz H (1990) Coliform bacteria in rinsed beer mugs – identification with the API 20E system and resistance behavior. Offentliche Gesundheitswesen 52:592–597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeder-Tucker L, Wesley IV, Kiehlbauch JA, Larson DJ, Thomas L, Erickson GA (1996) Phenotypic and ribosomal RNA characterization of Arcobacter species isolated from porcine aborted fetuses. J Vet Diagn Invest 8:186–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeni JL, Wong ACL (2005) Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. J Food Prot 68(3):636–648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setlow P, Johnson EA (1997) Spores and their significance. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontier. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 30–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Swerdlow DL (1998) Botulism in the United States: A Clinical and Epidemiologic Review. Ann Intern Med 129:221–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SK, Whiting RC (2005) Methods for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin in foods. J Food Prot 68:1256–1263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shreeve JE, Toszehgy M, Ridley A, Newell DG (2002) The carry-over of Campylobacter isolates between sequential poultry flocks. Avian Dis 46:378–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel LS (1993) Destruction of botulinum toxins in food and water. In: Hauschild AHW, Dodds KL (eds) Clostridium botulinum, Ecology and Control in Foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 323–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons BP, Gelfand MS, Haas M, Metts L, Ferguson J (1989) Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 10:398–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons NA (2001) Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail milk in the United Kingdom: Analysis and perspectives. Talk presented at IAFP Symposium S14 – Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: Villain or Bystander? Minneapolis, MN, 5–8 Aug 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelly C, Weinstein P (2003) Pathogen survival trajectories: An eco-environmental approach to the modeling of human campylobacteriosis ecology. Environ Health Persp 111:19–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets LC, Voss A, Muytjens HL, et al. (1998) Genetische karakterisatie van Enterobacter sakazakii – isolaten van Nederlandse patiënten met neonatale meningitis (Genetic characterization of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from Dutch patients with neonatal meningitis). Netherlands Tijdschrift voor Medische Microbiologie 6:113–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JL (1995) Arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and other sequelae of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. J Food Prot 58:1153–1170

    Google Scholar 

  • Soloman EB, Hoover DG (2004) Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni by high hydrostatic pressure. Lett Appl Microbiol 38:505–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soriano JM, Rico H, Molto JC, Manes J (2001) Incidence of microbial flora in lettuce meat and Spanish potato omelette from restaurants. Food Microbiol 18:159–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speriando V, Schineller JB, Baldwin TO (1996) Quorum sensing controls the expression of the type III secretion gene transcription and protein secretion in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:15196–15201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stabel JR (1998) Johne’s disease: A hidden threat. J Dairy Sci 81:283–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stable J, Pearce L, Chandler R, Hammer P, Kligin N, Cerf O, Collins MT, Heggum C, Murphy P (2001) Destruction by heat of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk and milk products, Chapter 5. In: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No. 362. IDF/FIL, Brussels, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern NJ (1992) Reservoirs for Campylobacter jejuni and approaches for intervention in poultry. In: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ, Tompkins LS (eds) Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern NJ, Bailey JS, Blankenship LC, Cox NA, McHan F (1988) Colonization characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni in chick ceca. Avian Dis 32:330–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern NJ, Clavero MR, Bailey JS, Cox NA, Robach MC (1995) Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. Poult Sci 74:937–941

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern NJ, Line JE (2000) Campylobacter. In: Lund BM, Baird-Parker TC, Gould GW (eds) The Microbiological Safety and Quality of Food, vol II. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD, pp. 1040–1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern NJ, Svetoch EA, Eruslanov BV, Perelygin VV, Mitsevich EV, Mitsevich IP, Pokhilenko VD, Levchuk VP, Svetoch OE, Seal B (2006) Isolation of a Lactobacillus salivarius and purification of its bacteriocin that is inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni in the chicken gastrointestinal system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3111–3116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll B, Hansen N, Fanaroff A, Lemons A (2004) Enterobacter sakazakii is a rare cause of septicemia or meningitis in VLBW infants. J Pediatr 144:821–823

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulliman SMA, Abubakr MI, Mirghani EF (1988) Microbial contamination of cutting fluids and associated hazards. Tribiol Int 30:737–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Sung N, Collins MT (1998) Thermal tolerance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:999–1005

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamplin ML (2002) Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw ground beef stored at 10ºC and the influence of competitive bacterial flora, strain variation, and fat level. J Food Protect 65:1535–1540

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura A, Kato M, Omori M, Nanba A, Miyagawa K, Wang CR, Zhou WH (1995) Flavor components and microorganisms isolated from Suancha (sour tea, Takeutsu-sancha in Japanese). Nippon Kasei Gakkaishi 46:759–764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tauxe RV (1992) Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. In: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ, Tompkins LS (eds) Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 9–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Tompkin RB, Scott VN, Bernard DT, Sveum WH, Gombas KS (1999) Guidelines to prevent post-processing contamination from Listeria monocytogenes. Dairy, Food and Environ Sanit 19(8):551–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend S, Caubilla-Barron J, Loc-Carrillo C, Forsythe S (2006) The presence of endotoxin in powdered infant formula milk and the influence of endotoxin and Enterobacter sakazakii on bacterial translocation in the infant rat. Food Microbiol 24:67–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trachoo N, Frank JF (2002) Effectiveness of chemical sanitizers against Campylobacter jejuni-containing biofilms. J Food Prot 65:1117–1121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trachoo N, Frank JF, Stern NJ (2002) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms isolated from chicken houses. J Food Prot 65:1110–1116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuncer I, Ozsan K (1988) Biochemical typing of Enterobacter isolated from several clinical materials. Mikrobiyoloji Bul 22:105–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle J, Gomez T, Doyle MP, Wells JG, Zhao T, Tauxe RV, Griffin PM (1999) Lessons from a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: Insights into the infectious dose and method of widespread contamination of hamburger patties. Epidemiol Infect 122:185–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US CDC (21 May 2008) Campylobacter infections. http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/campylobacter_gi.html. Accessed 23 April 2009

  • US FDA (9 April 2009) Bad bug book – Campylobacter jejuni, Available online at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼mow/chap4.html. Accessed 23 April 2009

  • USDA (1999) Appendix B: Compliance Guidelines for Cooling Heat-Treated Meat and Poultry Products (Stabilization) http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/fr/95033F-b.htm. Accessed 28 April 2009

  • Urmenyi AMC, Franklin AW (1961) Neonatal death from pigmented coliform infection. Lancet 1:313–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Acker J, De Smet F, Muyldermans G, Bougatef A, Naessens A, Lauwers S (2001) Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk formula. J Clin Microbiol 39:293–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kruiningen HJ, Chiodini RJ, Thayer WR, Coutu JA, Merkal RS, Runnels PL (1986) Experimental disease in infant goats induced by a Mycobacterium isolated from a patient with Crohn’s disease: A preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci 31(12):1351–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kruiningen HJ, Ruiz B, Gumprecht LJT (1991) Experimental disease in young chickens induced by a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolate from a patient with Crohn’s disease. Can J Vet Res. Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire. So Can J Vet Res 55(2): 199–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Os M, Van Wikeselaar PG, Spoelstra SF (1996) Formation of biogenic amines in well fermented grass silages. J Agri Sci Cambridge 127:97–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme P, Flasen E, Rossau R, Hoste B, Segers P, Tygat R, Delay J (1991) Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella taxonomy: Emendation of generic descriptions and proposal for Arcobacter gen.nov. Int J Syst Bact 41:88–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vought KJ (1998) Salmonella enteritidis contamination of ice cream associated with a 1994 multistate outbreak. J Food Prot 61(1):5–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar JA, Mevius DJ, Havelaar AH (2006) Campylobacter in primary animal production and control strategies to reduce the burden of human campylobacteriosis. Rev Sci Tech 25:581–594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang WL, Powers BW, Leutchefeld NW, Blaser MJ (1983) Effects of disinfectants on Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:1202–1205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne LG, Salkin D (1956) The bacteriology of restricted tuberculosis pulmonary lesions. I. The effects of interval between reversal of infectiousness and subsequent surgery. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 74:376–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir E (2002) Powdered infant formula and fatal infection with Enterobacter sakazakii. Can Med Assoc J 166:1570

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman JB, Dean RMAD, Williams M, Swanton N, Ali S (1977) An island-wide epidemic of salmonellosis in Trinidad traced to contaminated powdered milk. West Indies Med J 26:135–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells SJ, Wagner BA, Dargatz DA (1999) Factors associated with M. a. paratuberculosis infection in US Dairy herds. In: Manning E, Collins M (eds) Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Melbourne, Australia, p. 62

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesley IV (1996) Arcobacter and Helicobacter – risks for foods and beverages. J Food Prot 59:1127–1132

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesley IV, Baetz AL (1999) Natural and experimental infections of Arcobacter in poultry. Poult Sci 78:536–545

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White PL, Baker AR, James WO (1997) Strategies to control Salmonella and Campylobacter in raw poultry products. Rev Sci Tech 16:525–541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis J, Robinson JE (1988) Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7:196–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson IG, Moore JE (1996) Presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in shellfish. Epidemiol Infect 116:147–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong AC (2001) Virulence Factors in B. cereus Endophthalmitis. FRI annual meeting, Madison, WI

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanmin H, Mangan JA, Dhillon J, Sole M, Mitchison DA, Butcher PD, Coates ARM (2000) Detection of mRNA transcripts and active transcription in persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced by exposure to rifampin or pyrazinamide. J Bacteriol 182:6358–6365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zink D (2003) FDA field survey of powdered formula manufacturing. FDA Food Advisory Committee. Contaminants and natural toxicants subcommittee meeting: Enterobacter sakazakii contamination in powdered infant formula. Washington, DC, 18–19 Mar 2003. See http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/AC/03/slides/3939s1_Zink.ppt. Accessed 5 May 2009

  • Zogaj X, Bokranz W, Nimtz M, Romling U (2003) Production of cellulose and curli fimbriae by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Infect Immun 71:4151–4158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert G. Behling B.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Behling, R.G. et al. (2010). Selected Pathogens of Concern to Industrial Food Processors: Infectious, Toxigenic, Toxico-Infectious, Selected Emerging Pathogenic Bacteria. In: Kornacki, J. (eds) Principles of Microbiological Troubleshooting in the Industrial Food Processing Environment. Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5518-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics