Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cefodizime

A Review of its Antibacterial Activity, Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Use

  • Drug Evaluation
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 01 January 1993

Abstract

Synopsis

Cefodizime is a third generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Administered intravenously or intramuscularly, cefodizime 1 to 4g daily for an average of 7 to 10 days produced clinical cure in 80 to 100% of patients (adults, elderly or children) with upper or lower respiratory tract infections or urinary tract infections, and in comparative trials cefodizime was as effective as other third generation cephalosporins. A single dose of cefodizime 1 or 2g is also useful in treating lower urinary tract infections, particularly uncomplicated infections, with a rate of clinical success of 72 to 88%. Urogenital gonorrhoea, whether caused by β-lactamase producing or non-β-lactamase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is very effectively treated by single dose therapy with intramuscular cefodizime 0.25 to 1g (virtually 100% cured). Preliminary data from a small number of patients indicate that cefodizime may also be useful in the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis and gynaecological infections, and for the prophylaxis or treatment of surgical infections.

The clinical efficacy of cefodizime in comparison with other third generation cephalosporins is superior to that predicted from in vitro results. This superior activity of cefodizime may be related to the relatively long elimination half-life of the drug or its ability to modify some functions of the immune system — a potentially important finding awaiting further investigation.

Cefodizime is well tolerated and has a tolerability profile similar to other members of its class with systemic adverse events being primarily gastrointestinal or dermatological.

Thus, limited comparative studies indicate cefodizime has the potential to become a useful alternative to current antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of a variety of infections. Cefodizime may be more convenient to administer than some other agents of its class as it may be given once or twice daily. While there are no trials comparing cefodizime to other third generation cephalosporins in immunosuppressed populations, preliminary information indicates cefodizime may be useful in this group.

Antimicrobial Activity

Cefodizime has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic organisms. For the purposes of this review, bacterial species are considered to be susceptible to cefodizime if 90% of tested strains of the bacteria are inhibited at cefodizime concentrations of 8 mg/L in vitro. Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella species were all consistently sensitive to cefodizime in vitro. Cefodizime had marginal but variable inhibitory activity against Citrobacter species including Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia marcescens and, in common with most other third generation cephalosporins, cefodizime was ineffective in vitro at inhibiting Enterobacter spp.

Cefodizime inhibited other Gram-negative bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae (ampicillin-sensitive or resistant), Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (β-lactamase and non-β-lactamase producing) and Neisseria meningitidis, but was inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas maltophilia.

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible, while Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were resistant to cefodizime. Streptococcus agalactiae, pneumoniae and pyogenes were all inhibited by cefodizime in vitro, which had activity comparable with that of the first and second generation cephalosporins.

Cefodizime is a bactericidal antibiotic having high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 1A/B, 2 and 3 of E. coli. The in vitro concentrations of cefodizime resulting in bactericidal activity against susceptible strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are generally similar to the minimum inhibitory concentrations.

In experimental models of infection in vivo, cefodizime was at least as effective as other third generation cephalosporins in achieving bacterial clearance or decreasing bacterial counts. Cefodizime had inhibitory activity comparable with or better than that of cefotaxime against experimental infections caused by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens and S. pneumoniae.

Immunomodulatory properties may account for differences observed between the in vitro activity of cefodizime against specific bacteria and the greater efficacy apparent in in vivo models of infection. After administration of therapeutic doses of cefodizime to humans, in vitro and ex vivo experiments have demonstrated that cefodizime stimulates some functions of phagocytic and lymphocytic cells, restoring them when impaired.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

Administration of cefodizime 1 or 2g intravenously as a single dose to healthy volunteers resulted in peak serum cefodizime concentrations (Cmax) of 215 and 394 mg/L, respectively; Cmax was dose-proportional over this range. Intravenous infusions and intramuscular injections of cefodizime 1g resulted in peak serum concentrations of 124.1 mg/L and 59.6 to 75.2 mg/L, respectively. Bioavailability of cefodizime after intramuscular administration is 90 to 100%. Cefodizime is approximately 81% plasma protein bound (primarily to albumin), and distributes into many body tissues and fluids providing concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of susceptible organisms within 2 to 3 hours of administration and for several hours thereafter. Cefodizime is primarily eliminated by glomerular filtration and to a lesser extent by tubular secretion, with the majority of the drug excreted unchanged in the urine in the first 12 hours after drug administration. Concomitant administration of probenecid to healthy volunteers decreases cefodizime elimination by 30%. In patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis the terminal phase elimination half-life of cefodizime has been reported to be 4.8 to 5.0 hours, and the elimination half-life is prolonged 2-fold in patients with severe renal impairment Systemic absorption of cefodizime from the intraperitoneal fluid is variable and serum elimination is prolonged in patients undergoing continuous peritoneal dialysis. Cefodizime is removed from the systemic circulation by haemodialysis with a terminal phase elimination half-life of 3.5 hours, similar to that in patients with normal renal function.

Therapeutic Efficacy

Cefodizime has shown efficacy in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and gonorrhoea in comparative and noncomparative trials. Cefodizime 2 to 4 g/day in 1 to 2 doses daily, administered intravenously or intramuscularly for an average of 7 to 10 days, eradicated H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, non-β-lactamase-producing M. catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae in patients with pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections. Cefodizime was clinically effective in 80 to 100% of these patients and bacterial eradication rates (89 to 98%) paralleled clinical efficacy. In the few comparative trials reported, clinical and bacteriological success rates of cefodizime were similar to those of ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and cefotaxime. In children and elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections, cefodizime treatment achieved good clinical results in 86 to 100% and 87.5% of patients, respectively. Similar clinical cure rates were observed in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection in noncomparative trials undertaken primarily in children.

Cefodizime 1 to 2 g/day in single or divided doses for 7 to 9 days (mean) resulted in clinical cure in 86 to 100% of paediatric, adult or elderly patients with urinary tract infections. In the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections, single dose therapy with intramuscular cefodizime 1 or 2g resulted in clinical cure in 72 and 88% of patients, respectively. Preliminary evidence from trials comparing cefodizime with cefuroxime, ceftizoxime and nor-floxacin suggests that cefodizime is as effective as these standard therapies in the treatment of urinary tract infection.

A single intramuscular injection of cefodizime 0.25 to 1g demonstrated almost 100% efficacy in the treatment of urogenital gonorrhoea; cefodizime 0.5 or 1g was as effective as a single dose of cefotaxime 1g, producing clinical cure in 100, 100 and 99% of patients, respectively. Cefodizime was effective irrespective of the sex of the patient or the penicillinase-producing status of the N. gonorrhoeae.

Cefodizime has also been assessed in small noncomparative trials in patients with meningitis, otitis media, gynaecological infections and various surgical infections. Administration of cefodizime 100 mg/kg/day to adults or 200 mg/kg/day to children with bacterial meningitis resulted in clinical cure, without sequelae, in 80% of cases. Intravenous cefodizime was clinically effective in 88 to 100% of Japanese women with various gynaecological infections. Pathogen eradication rates of 40 to 75% were achieved; Enterococcus faecalis was the most common persisting organism. The post-operative infection rate in immunocompromised patients administered a single intramuscular injection of cefodizime 2g 30 minutes before abdominal surgery was 5%, compared with 25% in untreated patients. Noncomparative trials of intravenous infusions of cefodizime 0.5 to 2g daily in 2 divided doses have demonstrated clinical cure rates of 65 to 80% in patients with various surgical infections. Bacteriological efficacy was 75 to 85% and 68 to 71% in infections caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively.

Tolerability

Cefodizime has generally been well tolerated by adults and children following intravenous and intramuscular injection in clinical trials conducted worldwide. Adverse reactions which were thought to be ‘definitely’, ‘probably’ or ‘possibly’ related to treatment occurred in 3.1% of patients on multiple-dose therapy and 1.2% of patients receiving a single dose of cefodizime. Adverse reactions which were classified as ‘doubtfully’ or ‘conditionally’ treatment-related were experienced by 2.0% of patients undergoing multiple-dose treatment with cefodizime. 2.8% of patients undergoing trials in Japan were reported to experience adverse events. Adverse events lead to treatment withdrawal in 0.9% of patients. No deaths were reported to be causally related to cefodizime therapy. Adverse events most frequently involved local irritation, and gastrointestinal and dermatological reactions. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and elevated transaminases, occurred in 2.4% of patients and resulted in treatment withdrawal in 0.5% of cases. Allergic reactions most commonly manifested as dermatological reactions including exanthema, urticaria, and pruritus, and developed in 1.1% of patients; treatment was withdrawn in 0.4% of patients as a result of dermatological reactions and in 0.2% of patients with other manifestations of allergy. Local reactions at the injection site consisted of pain accompanying intramuscular administration and phlebitis associated with intravenous delivery. In elderly patients the incidence of adverse events, excluding death, was 8%. Cefodizime did not affect the coagulation system and appeared to exert little influence on renal function.

Dosage and Administration

Cefodizime can be administered intramuscularly, or by intravenous bolus or infusion. The most frequently used adult dosage in clinical trials has been 2 or 4g daily in 1 or 2 divided doses, either intramuscularly or intravenously. For uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections single doses of 1 or 2g have been effective. In patients with gonorrhoea 0.25 to 1g as a single dose has resulted in clinical and bacteriological cure rates of virtually 100%. Dosage should be modified in patients with renal impairment, with a maximum of cefodizime 2g daily given to patients with a creatinine clearance of 0.6 to 1.8 L/h (10 to 30 ml/min), and half this dose to patients with a creatinine clearance of < 0.6 L/h (< 10 ml/min). In patients undergoing haemodialysis, cefodizime 1 to 2g should be administered after each dialysis cycle. A dosage of 60 mg/kg/day (typically in 3 to 4 divided doses) is frequently used for the treatment of infections in paediatric populations, except in bacterial meningitis where 200 mg/kg/day (in 4 divided doses) has been administered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abeck D, Johnson AP, Dangor Y, Ballard RC. Antibiotic susceptibilities and plasmid profiles of Haemophilus ducreyi isolates from southern Africa. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 22 (4): 437–444, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahonkhai VI, Cherubin CE, Shulman MA. In vitro activity of cefodizime (HR-221). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 22 (4): 715–718, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akita H, Sato Y, Iwata S, Sunakaw K. Bacteriological and clinical studies of cefodizime in pediatrics. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 44 (4): 398–411, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrassy K, Bechtold H, Ritz E. Hypoprothrombinemia caused by cephalosporins. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 15 (2): 133–136, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrassy K, Koderisch J, Trenk D, Jähnchen E, Iwand A. Hemostasis in patients with normal and impaired renal function under treatment with cefodizime. Infection 15 (5): 348–350, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrassy K. Safety profile of cefodizime. Infection (Suppl. 1): S36-S40, 1992

  • Anon. Antibiotics as biological response modifiers. Lancet 337: 400–401, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai S, Masuyoshi S, Fujimoto K. Distribution of cefodizime to exudate in the croton oil-induced rat granuloma pouch and its therapeutic effects on experimental infections in the pouch. Arzneimittel-Forschung 37 (1): 441–466, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arimasu O, Meguro H, Hiruma F, Sugie N, Abe T. Clinical and pharmacokinetic study on cefodizime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, in the pediatric infections. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42(6): 1293–1305, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asbach HW. A randomized, dose comparison study of cefodizime in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections in women. Infection 19 (2): 85–87, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auer IO, Hardörfer C, Zimmermann I. Cefodizime stimulates sub-populations of cells mediating spontaneous or antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in patients with bacterial infections. Infection (Suppl. 1): S54-S57, 1992

  • Auteri A, Pasqui AL, Bruni F, Saletti M, Mazza S, et al. Effect of cefodizime (HR 221) on immunological defects induced by surgical stress. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 42 (12): 555–561, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Baba S, Shimada J, Unno T, Naito Y, Nonaka S, et al. Clinical evaluation of cefodizime in the treatment of paranasal sinusitis. Jibi to Rinsho 35 (1): 166–178, 1989a

    Google Scholar 

  • Baba S, Shimada J, Soyano K, Takagi I, Kobayashi T, et al. Evaluation of cefodizime in suppurative otitis media. A comparative study with cefotiam. Jibi to Rinsho 35 (2): 250–275, 1989b

    Google Scholar 

  • Barré J. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime: a review of the data on file. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 95–101, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthelot G, Bergogne-Bérézin E, Ravina JH. Placental transfer of cefodizime (HR 221) in late pregnancy. Abstract 21. 15th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Istanbul, July, p. 100, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccazzi A, Fusi G, Mezzopane AM, Maretti M, Careddu P. The pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in children. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 83–87, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boelaert J, Lambrecht E, Van Couter A, Temmerman B, Dagrosa E, et al. Cefodizime (CDZ) versus cefuroxime (CFM) for acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in geriatric patients. Abstract 1333. 15th International Congress on Chemotherapy, Istanbul, July, 1987, p. 350, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockmeier D, Dagrosa EE. Pharmacokinetic profile of cefodizime. Infection (Suppl. 1): S14-S17, 1992

  • Bryskier A, Labs R, Procyk T, Dagrosa E. Elderly patients: treatment of lower respiratory tract and urinary tract infections with cefodizime. Poster. 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, June 23–28, pp. 34–35, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryskier A, Procyk T, Tremblay D, Lenfant B, Fourtillan JB. The pharmacokinetics of cefodizime following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose of 1.0 g. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 59–63, 1990a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryskier A, Procyk T, Tremblay D, Lenfant B, Fourtillan JB. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime administered intravenously as a single dose (1.0 and 2.0 g) to healthy adult volunteers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 65–70, 1990b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryskier A, Tremblay D, Manuel C, Seeger K. Pharmacokinetics of HR 221 following a single dose injection, and multiple doses, of 2 g iv bolus to 12 healthy volunteers. Abstract. 6th International Symposium on Future Trends in Chemotherapy, Tirrenia (Pisa), Italy, May 28–30, p. 31, 1984

  • Caramia G, Careddu P, Cascio G, Cutillo S, Leocata A, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of cefodizime in children with respiratory and urinary tract infections. Poster. International Congress for Infectious Diseases Montreal, July 15–19, pp. 28–30, 1990

  • Carandente F, de Vecchi A, Halberg F, Cornélissen G, Dammacco F. Toward a chronoimmunomodulation by cefodizime in multiple myeloma and chronic uremia. Chronobiologia 15: 61–85, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chimura T, Morisaki N, Hirayama T, Matsuo M. Clinical effects of cefodizime against infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (10): 2065–2068, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho N, Fukunaga K, Kunii K, Deguchi K. THR-221 (cefodizime) in obstetrics and gynecology. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 36 (Suppl. 5): 932–970, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho N, Fukunaga K, Kunii K. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefodizime in obstetrics and gynecology. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (10): 2069–2081, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullmann W, Dick W, Edelmann M. An enzymatic assay for monitoring serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine concentration of β-lactam antibiotics). Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 23: 151–156, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dagrosa EE, Hajdú P, Malerczyk V, de Looze S, Seeger K, et al. Dose linearity and other pharmacokinetics of cefodizime after single-dose intravenous administration. Clinical Therapeutics 10(1): 18–31, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dammacco F, Halberg F, Carandente F. Antimicrobial agents as biological response modifiers (BRM) and chronoimmunomo-dulation: an emerging relationship. Chronobiologia 15: 25–39, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dammacco F, Benvestito S. Effects of cefodizime on non-specific immune functions in patients with multiple myeloma. Infection (Suppl. 1): S64-S66, 1992

  • Davies BI, Maesen FPV, van den Bergh JJAM, Costongs RJMG, Geraedts WH, et al. Clinical and bacteriological experience with cefodizime in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Infection 20 (Suppl. 1): S22–S25, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi K, Yokota N, Koguchi M, Nakane Y, Suzuki Y, et al. Synergistic action of cefodizime and other antimicrobial agents on clinically isolated microorganisms. I. Synergistic action with minocycline. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 44 (12): 1386–1391, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Somma C, Canepa G, Terrizzi A, Frascio M, Berti Riboli E. Efficacy of cefodizime (HR 221) in the prevention of post-surgical infections in immunodepressed patients. Poster. 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, June 23–28, pp. 20–21, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • El Guinaidy MA, Nawishy S, Abd El Bary M, Sabbour MS, Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in normal individuals and in patients with renal failure. Chemotherapy 37 (2): 77–85, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Touny M, El Guinady M, Abdel Bary M, Osman L, Sabbour M. Single dose pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in healthy indiviuals and patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Poster 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, 23–28 June, pp.12–13, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Esposito S, Sardaro C, Giusti G. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of cefodizime (HR221) compared with norfloxacin in urinary tract infections. Abstract. 16th International Congress on Chemotherapy, Jerusalem, June, 1989, in Abstracts, 211, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Fietta A, Bersani C, Bertoletti R, Grassi FM, Gialdroni Grassi G. In vitro and ex vivo enhancement of nonspecific phagocytosis by cefodizime. Chemotherapy 34: 430–436, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs PC, Barry AL. Interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility tests with cefodizime discs. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 27 (6): 870–873, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto M, Ohno K, Sakai K, Bile concentration of cefodizime (THR-221) in patients with obstructive jaundice. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 37 (1): 22–29, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Gialdroni Grassi G. Cefodizime in clinical use: a review of the clinical trial reports. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 117–125, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm K, Grimm H. Interpretive criteria for the agar diffusion susceptibility test with cefodizime. Abstract. 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy New Orleans, Sep 20–Oct 1, 1986

  • Grötsch H, Hajdu P. Interference by the new antibiotic cefpirome and other cephalosporins in clinical laboratory tests, with special regard to the “Jaffé” reaction. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 25 (1): 49–52, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanada S, Rinbara T, Aoki K, Yasui Y, Ikuta K, et al. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefodizime in gynecological field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (10): 2098–2106, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanehara C, Hyodo A, Uji T, Ishida N. Synergy between cephalosporins and beta-lactamase inhibitor, YTR-830H against MRSA. Abstract. 29th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Houston, September, no. 695, 1989

  • Hirabayashi Y, Higashino H, Kino M, Nobori U, Okazaki H, et al. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefodizime in children. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1366–1380, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter AG. Cefodizime given once daily for the treatment of upper urinary tract infections and complicated lower urinary tract infections. Infection (Suppl. 1): S18-S21, 1992

  • Hofstetter A, Baumüller A, Dagrosa EE, Klesel N. Concentrations of cefodizime (HR 221), a new cephalosporin, in urology tissues. Abstract. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, June, p. 124, 1985

  • Hyodo A, Higashitani F, Mitsuhashi S. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of cefodizime. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 36 (Suppl. 5): 1–24, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itagaki N, Hasegawa H, Sakaguchi M, Oono T, Iwamoto I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 44 (12): 1392–1396, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito K, Nakagawa M, Mabuchi M, Tamaya T. Fundamental and clinical evaluation of cefodizime in obstetrics and gynecology. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (10): 2107–2119, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RN, Barry AL, Thornsberry C, Wilson HW. In vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation of cefodizime (HR221), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 20 (6): 760–768, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RN, Wilson HW. Comparative beta-lactamase hydrolysis of and inhibition by 7-aminothiazolyl alpha-methoxyimino cephalosporins. Infection 10 (5): 303–306, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonkman JHG, Reinberg A, Oosterhuis B, de Noord OE, Kerkhof FA, et al. Dosing time and sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of cefodizime and in the circadian cortisol rhythm. Chronobiologia 15: 89–102, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai K, Tsuji A, Miyazaki, Goto S. In vivo antibacterial activity of cefodizime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 37 (7): 1306–1312, 1984a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai K, Tsuji A, Miyazaki, Goto S, Fujimoto K, et al. In vitro antibacterial activity and β-lactamase stability of cefodizime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 37 (7), 1294–1305, 1984b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MY, Gruninger RP, Nelson SM, Obaid SR. Comparative in vitro activity of cefodizime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and other selected antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 23 (3): 477–478, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita Y, Mizutani S, Tomada Y, Maruyama T, Hattori S, et al. Pharmacokinetic and clinical study on cefodizime in obstetrics and gynecological field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (10), 2090–2097, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiesel N, Limbert M, Seibert G, Winkler I, Schrinner E. Cefodizime, an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. III. Therapeutic activity against experimentally induced pneumonia in mice. Journal of Antibiotics 37 (12): 1712–1718, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesel N, Isert D, Limbert M, Seibert G, Winkler I, et al. Comparative effects of cefpirome (HR 810) and other cephalosporins on experimentally induced pneumonia in mice. Journal of Antibiotics 39 (7): 917–977, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Knothe H, Shah PM. In vitro activity of cefodizime. Infection (Suppl. 1): S3-S8, 1992

  • Kobayashi N, Tanimura H, Yoshida K, Uchiyama K, Ozawa K. Biliary excretion and tissue concentration in liver and gallbladder of THR-221. Abstract 678. 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy p. 214, 1987

  • Komada Y, Arai S, Kamiya H, Sakuri M, Shimizu S, et al. Laboratory and clinical investigations of cefodizime for infectious diseases in childhood. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1346–1357, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korting HC, Lukacs A, Schäfer-Korting M, Mutschler E. Bactericidal effect of cefodizime against β-lactamase producing Neis-seria gonorrhoeae in vitro. A comparison of level profiles in serum and tissue after intramuscular and intravenous administration in man. Arzneimittel-Forschung 39 (1): 31–33, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourilsky O. Efficacy and tolerance of cefodizime in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 111–116, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labro MT. Cefodizime as a biological response modifier: a review of its in-vivo, ex-vivo and in-vitro immunomodulatory properties. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 37–47, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labro M-T. Immunological evaluation of cefodizime: a unique molecule among cephalosporins. Infection (Suppl. 1): S45-S47, 1992

  • Labro MT, Babin-Chevaye C, Hakim J. Effects of cefotaxime and cefodizime on human granulocyte functions in vitro. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 18: 233–237, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labro MT, Amit N, Babin-Chevaye C, Hakim J. Cefodizime (HR 221) potentiation of human neutrophil oxygen-independent bactericidal activity. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 19: 331–341, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labro MT, el Benna J. Comparison of cefodizime with various cephalosporins for their indirect effect on the human neutrophil oxidative burst in vitro. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 49–57, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenfant B, Moulonguet-Doleris D, Lemoine G. Concentration of cefodizime (HR 221) in pulmonary tissue after repeated intravenous injections of 1 g cefodizime. Abstract. 16th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Jerusalem, June, p. 272, 1989a

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenfant B, Moulonguet-Doleris D, Velly JF. Concentration of cefodizime (HR 221) in pleural fluid after a single intravenous injection of 1 g of cefodizime. 16th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Jerusalem, June, 1989, Abstract p. 272, 1989b

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyhausen G, Seibert G, Maidhof A, Müller WEG. Differential stimulation of lymphocyte cell growth in vitro by cephalosporins. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 26 (5): 752–756, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limbert M, Meichsner C, Muellner H, Seibert G, Schrinner E. In vivo effects of human rIL-2 and cefodizime on the experimental C. albicans infection of balb/c mice. Poster. 6th International Congress of Immunology, Toronto, July, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Limbert M, Kiesel N, Seeger K, Seibert G, Winkler I, et al. Cefodizime, an aminothiazolylcephalosporin I. In vitro activity. Journal of Antibiotics 37(8): 892–900, 1984a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limbert M, Bartlett RR, Dickneite G, Kiesel N, Schorlemmer HU, et al. Cefodizime, an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. IV. Influence on the immune system. Journal of Antibiotics 37 (12): 1719–1726, 1984b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limbert M, Müllner H, Shah PM. Influence of cefodizime on the reagibility of human leukocytes. Infection 20 (Suppl. 1): S48–S50, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maesen FPV, Davies BI, Baur C, Sumajow CA. Cefodizime in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 22: 229–235, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maesen FPV, Davies BI, van den Bergh JJAM, Gubbelmansd HLL, Meek JCE, et al. Cefodizime and cefotaxime in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a randomized double-blind prospective study in 180 patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 25: 413–422, 1990a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maesen FPV, Davies BI, v. d. Bergh JJAM, Meek JCE, Gubbelmansd HR, et al. Cefodizime in the treatment of acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a prospective open study in 150 patients. Abstract. Chest 98 (Suppl.): 23S, 1990b

    Google Scholar 

  • Maesen F, Davies B, Costongs R, Geraedts W. Once-daily intramuscular injections of cefodizime in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Poster. 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, June 23–28, pp. 24–25, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Malimann P, Brühl P. Immunological effects of cefodizime in patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy. Infection (Suppl. 1): S67-S70, 1992

  • Manciet G, Cefodizime Study Group. Efficacy and tolerance of cefodizime in elderly patients with lower respiratory and urinary tract infections. Poster. International Congress of Infectious Diseases, Montreal, July 15–19, pp. 40–43, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Marre R, Herhahn D, Schulz E, Freiesleben H, Sack K. Ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefotaxime and HR 221 in experimental chronic Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats. Infection 11 (Suppl. 1): S54–S56, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marunaka T, Matsushima E, Maniwa M. Determination of cefodizime in biological materials by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 420: 329–339, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda S. Distribution of THR-221, a new cephalosporin in genital tissue and its clinical evaluation. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1987. Abstract no. 680, p. 215, 1987

  • Matsumoto K, Uzuka Y, Shishido H, Nagatake T, Rikitomi N, et al. Phase I study of cefodizime (THR-221). Chemotherpay 36 (Suppl. 5): 227–245, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Yoshida T, Oishi K, Marunaka T, Ishida N. Pharmacokinetics and safety of cefodizime after intravenous administration. Abstract 1307. 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, Sept–Oct, 1986

  • Mendes P, Lameire N, Rosenkranz B, Malerczyk V, Damm D. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 89–93, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meroni PL, Capsoni F, Borghi MO, Barcellini W, Minonzio F, et al. Immunopharmacological activity of cefodizime: in vitro and ex vivo studies. Infection (Suppl. 1): S61-S63, 1992

  • Miyake Y, Tomonaga M, Tokoh T, Yamda Y, Ishida N, et al. Mechanism of excellent in vivo action of THR-221. Abstract 670. 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, p. 213, 1987

  • Mochizuki Y, Hata D, Ohkubo H, Yoshida A, Uenoyama H. Clinical evaluation of cefodizime in children. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1358–1365, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau J, Calmel MB, Odehouri K, Manuel Ch, Essoh N, et al. Étude de l’activité du cefodizime (H.R. 221) au cours des méningites purulentes. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 16 (4): 253–257, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Motohiro T, Oda K, Aramaki M, Kawakami A, Tanaka K, et al. Experimental and clinical studies on cefodizime in pediatrics. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 43 (4): 603–622, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagayama A, Nomura S. Enhanced killing of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia in vivo after in vitro treatment with THR-221 (cefodizime). Abstract 672. 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy p.213, 1987

  • Nakagiri Y, Okuda H, Niida K, Kondoh T, Sanoh T, et al. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefodizime in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (10): 2128–2134, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura H, Miyazu M, Kasai K, Iwai N, Taneda Y. Experimental and clinical studies on cefodizime in pediatrics. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1322–1335, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakao Y, Taleuchi H, Kimura H, Ishikawa H, Hayakawa F, et al. Laboratory and clinical studies of cefodizime in pediatric field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1336–1345, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama I, Yamaji E, Kawamura H, Kawaguchi H, Akieda Y, et al. THR-221 (cefodizime), an injectable cephalosporin, in surgical infections, especially compromised host infections. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 36 (Suppl. 5): 787–805, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • NCCLS, Waits JA, Doern GV, Finegold SM, Gavan TL, Hackett JL, et al. (Eds). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically- second edition. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Document M7-A2, NCCLS, Villanova, Pa, 1990

  • Nilsen OG, Rennemo F, Rennemo R, Lenfant B. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in the elderly following single and repeated intravenous administration of 1 g. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 71–75, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura T, Tabuki K, Aoki S, Takagi M. Laboratory and clinical studies of cefodizime in pediatric field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 43 (9): 1603–1613, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi K, Matsumoto K, Yamamoto M, Morito T, Yoshida T. Stimulatory effect of cefodizime on macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 989–992, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ota J, Taguchii T, Okumura T, Tomita K, Matsunaga S. Cefodizime (THR-221) in surgical infections. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 36(Suppl. 5): 874–883, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels RA. Review of effectiveness of cefodizime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections with parenchymal involvement. Infection 20 (Suppl. 1): S26–S30, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perianu MR. Clinical safety profile of cefodizime. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 127–134, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin-Fayolle M, Pacheco Y, Dagrosa E, Pirollet B, Hadju P, et al. Drug levels in alveolar macrophages from patients treated with cefodizime. Abstract. Chest 92 (Suppl. 2): 144S, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Piva CV, Palombini BC, Dagrosa EE. Severe lower respiratory tract infection s treated with cefodizime 2 grams once daily or 1 gram b.i.d. Poster. 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, June 23–28, pp. 32–33, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritts RE. Antibiotics as biological response modifiers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 31–36, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez de la Pena S. Chronomodulation of murine adrenocortical function by interleukin II. Abstract 161. Chronobiologia 16 (2): 177, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez de la Pena S, Wu J, Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Wetterberg L, et al. Immunomodulation by an antibiotic in malaria and aging: internal endocrine schedule-shift and chronopharmacologic feedsidewards. Chronobiologia 15: 129–154, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato H, Narita A, Matsumoto K, Nakazawa S, Suzuki H, et al. Study on cefodizime, a new cephem antibiotic, in the field of pediatrics. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1306–1321, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer-Korting M, Korting HC, Maass L, Kiesel N, Grigoleit H-G, et al. Cefodizime penetration into skin suction blister fluid following a single intravenous dose. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30: 295–298, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwald S, Card V, Kuzmanovic N. Clinical study of a single daily dose of cefodizime versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Poster. 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, June 23–28, pp. 26–27, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Scully BE, Jules K, Neu HC. In vitro activity and β-lactamase stability of cefodizime, an aminothiazolyl iminomethoxy cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 23 (6): 907–913, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekiguchi T, Okamoto T, Ohara K, Kouzan H, Nishimori M, et al. Clinical experience with cefodizime in pediatric field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1391–1398, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah PM, Knothe H. In vivo activity of cefodizime. Infection (Suppl. 1): S9-S13, 1992

  • Shah PM, Losert-Brüggner B, Stille W. Bactericidal activity of SQ 26776. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8 (Suppl. E): 77–80, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaio M-F, Chang F-Y. Influence of cefodizime on chemotaxis and the respiratory burst in neutrophils from diabetics. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26: 55–59, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiba K, Maji M, Saito A, Miyahar T. Pharmacokinetics of THR-221, a new cephem in healthy adult volunteers. Abstract 674. 27th Interscience Congress on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, p. 214, 1987

  • Sollet JP. An open multicentre study of the efficacy and tolerance of cefodizime 1 g bd intravenously or intramuscularly in lower respiratory tract infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 103–110, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soussy CJ, Chanal M, Kitzis MD. The in-vitro activity of cefodizime: a review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 13–21, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stille W, Spieler S. Antibacterial activity of cefodizime (HR 221). Abstract. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, June 23–28, p. 445, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Stille W, Spieler S, Shah PM. Antibacterial activity of HR-221, a new oxim-cephalosporin. Abstract. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Chemotherapy, p. 353, 1981

  • Stolz E, Chitwarakorn A, Franchini M, Dagrosa EE. 0.25 g of cefodizime (CDZ) single dose i.m. proved as efficacious as 0.5 g or 1.0 g CDZ in acute gonorrhoea. Poster. 17th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, June 23–28, pp. 36–37, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Takebe K, Imamura K, Masuda M, Murakami S, Tomiyama M, et al. A comparative study between cefodizime (CDZM) and cefotaxime (CTX) in respiratory tract infecions. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 63 (4): 318–351, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Täuber MG, Doroshow CA, Hackbarth CJ, Rusnak MG, Drake TA et al. Antibacterial activity of β-lactam antibiotics in experimental meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of Infectious Diseases 149 (4): 568–574

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomonaga M, Nishida K, Miyake Y, Idhida N, Ono Y. Antimicrobial activity and synergistic killing of cefodizime with phagocytes against S. aureus. Abstract. 16th International Congress on Chemotherapy, Jerusalem, June, p. 271, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uno K, Yamasaku F. Cross-reactivity of beta-lactam antibiotics in delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (III). Cross-allergen-icity to cephems with a 5-membered ring structure in their C-7 side chain. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 35 (12): 919–927, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valcke Y, Van Der Staeten M. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in patients treated with cefodizime for acute lower respiratory tract infections. Infection (Suppl. 1): S58-S60, 1992

  • van der Willigen AH, Wagenvoort JHT, Schalla WO, Knapp JS, Boot JM, et al. Randomized comparative study of 0.5 and 1 g of cefodizime (HR 221) versus 1 g of cefotaxime for acute uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhoea. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 32 (4); 426–429, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanholder R, Van Landschoot N, Dagrosa E, Ringoir S. Cefodizime: a new cephalosporin with apparent immune-stimulating properties in chronic renal failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2: 221–224, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventura MM, Romagnoli M, Santucci S, Sforza C, Gatti G, et al. Cefodizime administration in healthy subjects: studies of natural killer cells, urinary hormones and electrolytes. Chronobiologia 15: 43–59, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter N, Feist H. Efficacy of cefodizime in lower respiratory tract infections without parenchymal involvement. Poster presented at the Seventeenth International Congress of Chemotherapy Berlin, June 23–28, 1991

  • Veyssier P, Devillers A, Domart Y, Fourtillan JB, Bryskier A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in elderly patients with moderate or severe renal impairment. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 77–81, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wise R, Andrews JM, Ashby JP. In-vitro activity of cefodizime against respiratory pathogens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26 (Suppl. C): 9–12, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Sanchez De La Penna S, Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Wetterberg L, et al. Chronosynergistic effects of lighting schedule-shift and cefodizime on plasmacytoma growth and host survival time. Chronobiologia 15: 105–128, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagishima M, Yanai M, Yanagi T, Tsuji Y. Laboratory and clinical studies on cefodizime in the paediatric field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1424–1435, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota I, Takeda E, Kuroda Y. Clinical experience with cefodizime in bacterial infection of children. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 42 (6): 1385–1390, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adis International Limited, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 10, New Zealand

    Lee B. Barradell & Rex N. Brogden

Authors
  1. Lee B. Barradell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rex N. Brogden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: K. Andrassy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany; G. Gialdroni Grassi, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pavia, Milano, Italy; N. Itagaki, Third Department of Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Higahi, Japan; R. Jones, Anti-Infectives Research Center and Special Microbiology Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; M.-T. Labro, Faculté of Médecine, Université Paris, Paris, France; S. Lang, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; F.P.V. Maesen, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ziekenhuis De Wever & Gregorius, Heerlen, The Netherlands; H.C. Neu, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; D. Pastel, Department of Pharmacy, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; R. Pauwels, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; R.E. Ritts, Research Microbiology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Y. Valcke, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ziekenhuis De Wever & Gregorius, Heerlen, The Netherlands; R. Wise, Department of Medical Microbiology, Dudley Road Hospital, Birmingham, England.

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03259102.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Barradell, L.B., Brogden, R.N. Cefodizime. Drugs 44, 800–834 (1992). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199244050-00008

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199244050-00008

Keywords

Search

Navigation