Introduction

Various Paenibacillus species constitute a large group of facultative anaerobic endospore-forming Gram-positive bacteria that are extensively distributed in nature. Ash et al. proposed that members of ‘group 3’ within the genus Bacillus should be transferred to the genus Paenibacillus , for which they proposed Paenibacillus polymyxa as the type species [1] Since that time, 174 different type species have been described.

Members of the genus Paenibacillus are well known as PGPR, together with Azotobacter , Azospirillum , Pseudomonas , Acetobacter , and Burkholderia [2]. While many new species from the genus Paenibacillus have been reported [3], the type species Paenibacillus polymyxa [4] is considered a PGPR that is widely used in sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation because of its multiple functions [2, 5]. Coupled with many plant species, some Paenibacillus species have been developed as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents and have been used effectively in the control of plant-pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and nematodes [5,6,7]. P. yonginensis DCY84T was isolated from a decomposed humus mixture in South Korea and its plant growth promotion traits have been characterized in vitro [8]. This strain is capable of inducing the defense response of Arabidopsis against several abiotic stresses [9]. Genome sequencing of P. yonginensis DCY84T was conducted to obtain additional insights into the physiological characteristics involved in microbe-plant interactions and to facilitate better understanding of the molecular basis of these traits.

Organism information

Classification and features

Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T was isolated from a decomposed humus mixture collected from Yongin province. It is a Gram-positive bacterium that can grow on Tryptic soy broth agar at 28 °C. Cells of strain DCY84T are rod-shaped with a diameter ranging from 0.7–0.9 μm and length ranging from 3.4 to 4.7 μm. Growth occurs under aerobic conditions with an optimum growth temperature at 25–30 °C and a temperature range of 15–40 °C, general features of strain DCY84T were presented in Table 1. Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T and phylogenetic inferences were obtained using the maximum-likelihood method (Fig. 1). Cell morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 2).

Table 1 Classification and general features of Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T relative to other Paenibacillaceae family type strains. GenBank accession numbers are indicated in parentheses. Sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL X (V2), and phylogenetic inferences were obtained using the maximum-likelihood method

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Fig. 2
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Scanning electron microscopy image of strain DCY84T

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Genome sequencing information

Genome project history

P. yonginensis DCY84T was selected for genome sequencing because we observed the presence of a unique compatible solute for plant protection from biotic stress and potential plant growth promoting activity with rice in reclaimed paddy soil and Panax ginseng C.A.Mey, respectively. The complete genome sequence has been deposited in the NCBI sequencing read archive under NCBI BioProject PRJNA306396 with BioSample SAMN04419545 and overall sequencing project information was presented in Table 2. Sequencing, annotation, and analysis were performed at LabGenomics (Seongnam, Republic of Korea).

Table 2 Genome sequencing project information for Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T
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Growth conditions and genomic DNA preparation

For growth and genomic DNA preparation, P. yonginensis DCY84T (KCTC 33428 T=JCM 19885 T) was grown in DSMZ medium 1 (Nutrient Agar) at 28 °C. DNA was isolated from 0.5–1 g of cell paste using the JetFlex genomic protocol as recommended by the manufacturer. For genome sequencing and assembly, the draft genome of P. yonginensis DCY84T was generated using the PacBio platform following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Genome sequencing and assembly

Sequencing produced 74,264 reads with an average length of 7828 bp, which was assembled using the de novo HGAP implemented within the analysis pipeline SMRT Analysis 2.2 (Pacific Biosciences, CA, USA). Ambiguous base and inserted/deleted regions between the PacBio assembled and preassembled high quality draft sequences were manually corrected using consensus sequences for final assembly. Long reads were selected as the seed sequences for constructing preassemblies, and the other short reads were mapped to the seeds using BLASTR software for alignment, which corrected errors in the long reads and thus increased the accuracy rating of bases. The sequencing run yielded 581,398,217 filtered and sub-read bases and a total of 113,985,693 pre-assembled bases were used for deep sequencing. tRNA and rRNA genes were identified by tRNAscan-SE version 1.3 [10] and RNAmmer version 1.2 [11]. The ORFs were predicted using Glimmer 3.02 and the annotation of predicted genes was conducted using Blastall 2.2.26. Protein coding genes were annotated based on the COGs database.

Genome annotation

The purpose of the present study was to develop a better understanding of the P. yonginensis DCY84T genetic background to develop more effective utilization of the strain. COGs analysis of strain DCY84T is shown in Fig. 3 and the number of genes associated with the 22 general COGs functional categories presented in Table 3. The analysis of the full P. yonginensis DCY84T genome in comparison with other related Paenibacillus strains is included in Additional file 1: Table S1.

Fig. 3
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COG analysis of strain DCY84T

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Table 3 Number of genes associated with the 22 general COG functional categories
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The iaaM gene, also gene responsible for IAA synthesis, siderophores production, phosphate transporter, phosphonate cluster, antimicrobial production, and synthesis of the volatile organic compound bdhA are present in the P. yonginensis DCY84T genome. These genes corroborate with our physiological results demonstrating plant growth promotion and induced systemic resistance in the plant symbiont [9, 10].

Insights from the genome sequence

The completed P. yonginensis DCY84T genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 4,985,901 bp, with a GC content of 51.01%, which is similar to most Paenibacillus strains (45 – 54%) as reported previously [12] (Fig. 4). The genome size of the strain DCY84T (4.985 Mb) is smaller than the other sequenced members of genus Paenibacillus including P. polymyxa CF05 (5.76 Mb), and P. mucilaginosus 3016 (8.74 Mb) [13]. Full genome of DCY84T was annotated by following NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline [14]. A total of 4498 genes were predicted for the genome, including 4233 coding sequences (94.1% of total genes) and 147 pseudo genes. Nucleotide content and gene count levels of the chromosome were summarized in Table 4. More detail annotation of the strain DCY84T was available in Additional file 2: Table S5. Most of selected Paenibacillus strain was reported to have plant growth promoting factor traits. The summary features of DCY84T and referred strains are showed on Additional file 1: Table S1 below, including the genome accession number, genome size, GC content, annotation information, protein, Gene, Pseudo gene. The COGs analysis of strain DCY84T and other closely related Paenibacillus strains was provided on Additional file 1: Table S2 (direct plant growth promoting factors) and Additional file 1: Table S3 (indirect plant growth promoting factors). The genome of P. yonginensis DCY84T and P. polymyxa M1 were visualized in Additional file 3: Figure S1 by the comparison using the Artemis software and ACT [15]. Strain DCY84T increased nutrient availability by producing several hydrolyzing enzymes, amino acid transporter proteins (Additional file 1: Table S4). Moreover, Strain DCY84T treatment can induce plant defense mechanism mediated by ABA signal under salinity stress.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Graphical circular map of the chromosome. From the outside to the center, genes on the forward strand are colored by COG categories (only genes assigned to COG), genes on the reverse strand are colored by COG categories (only genes assigned to COG), RNA genes (tRNAs green, rRNAs red), G + C content, and GC skew. Purple and olive colors indicate negative and positive values, respectively

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Table 4 Genome statistics
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Extended insights

Genome analysis showed that P. yonginensis DCY84T contained many genes related to the stress response, such as IAA, choline, glutamate decarboxylase and malate transporters, potassium uptake protein, heat shock proteins, chaperone proteins, and sugar transporters. These genes most likely allow the strain to cope with different environmental stresses. Experimentation and additional analysis of these genes may help to elucidate the mechanisms mediating the stress response and facilitate the development of P. yonginensis DCY84T as a biofertilizer. When the strain DCY84T was used as a treatment for early sprouting rice seeds, several genes responsible for primary metabolism were upregulated in the rice root, which could be related to PGPR. These results indicate that P. yonginensis DCY84T might have the potential for application in industrial biotechnology as a producer of miscellaneous hydrolases.

This is the first report describing the genome sequence of P. yonginensis DCY84T. When coated on sprouting rice seeds or seedlings directly on paddy soil, strain DCY84T and silica zeolite complex were shown to enhance rice yield and also increase GABA content in brown rice. Treatment was also shown to induce systemic stress resistance responses in rice and Arabidopsis under heavy metal and salty conditions. Furthermore, the sequence of P. yonginensis DCY84T provides useful information and may contribute to agricultural applications of Paenibacillus genera in practical biotechnology. Rice yield was affected by the amount of strain DCY84T administered during the early sprouting stage. Silica zeolite complex and strain DCY84T treatment inhibited the occurrence of fungal infection, and also enhanced rice quality. Silica zeolite complex and two treatments with strain DCY84T resulted in the highest head rice levels (86.8%) compared to a one-time treatment of DCY84T (67.9%), and without strain DCY84T treatment (46.4%). The PGPR treatment enhanced head rice levels by 40.4% [16]. Strain treatment also enhanced nitrogen uptake and increased levels of stored nitrogen in the rice grain, indicating that the strain DCY84T enhanced plant nitrogen utilization with less nitrogen fertilizer application. The most important parameters for economic rice value are head rice rate and good appearance; strain DCY84T treatment enhanced both the rice quality and reduced commercial nitrogen fertilizer usage.

Conclusion

The DCY84T strain was isolated from a decomposed humus mixture. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene confirmed its affiliation to the genus Paenibacillus . G + C content, COGs, and average nucleotide identities are presented. The genomic features of strain DCY84T are consistent with the plant growth promoting activity of this strain, including IAA production, phosphate solubilizing activity, and siderophores production. In addition, DCY84T induced systemic stress resistance mechanisms in rice and Arabidopsis under heavy metal and salty conditions.