Abstract
This article aims to introduce a hybrid family of 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials by taking Boas–Buck polynomials as a base with the 2-variable general polynomials. These polynomials are framed within the context of the monomiality principle, and their properties are established. Further, we investigate some members belonging to this family. A general method to express connection coefficients explicitly for the Boas–Buck general polynomial sets is presented. Carlitz theorem for mixed generating functions is also extended to these polynomials. The shapes are shown and zeros are computed for these polynomials using Mathematica software.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction and preliminaries
Special functions of multivariable form have shown remarkable progress in recent years [1–6]. These functions arise in diverse areas of mathematics, and they provide a new means of analysis ranging from the solution of large classes of partial differential equations often encountered in physical problems to the abstract group theory. A hybrid class of polynomials exhibits a nature lying between the two polynomial families, which are introduced and studied employing appropriate operational rules [7–14].
To consider the convolution of two or more polynomials to introduce new multivariable generalized polynomials is a recent topic of research and is useful from the point of view of applications. These multivariable hybrid special polynomials are important as they possess significant properties. It is useful from an applicative point of view and appears in certain problems of number theory, combinatorics, classical and numerical analysis, theoretical physics, approximation theory, and other fields of pure and applied mathematics.
We recall the following 2-variable form of special polynomials, namely 2-variable general polynomials.
Definition 1.1
A general polynomial set is said to be 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) if it has the following generating function [1]:
where \(\varPhi (y,t)\) has (at least the formal) series expansion
The 2-variable general polynomials family contains many important polynomials. We present the list of some known 2-variable general polynomial families in Table 1.
The Boas–Buck polynomial set was introduced by Boas and Buck [15] in the year 1956. It includes many important general classes of polynomial sets like Brenke polynomials, Sheffer polynomials, Appell polynomials, etc. The Boas–Buck polynomial set is defined by means of generating function as follows.
Definition 1.2
A polynomial set is said to be Boas–Buck polynomial set if it has the following generating function [15]:
where A, B, and C are the power series such that
The Boas–Buck polynomial set defined by Equation (3) is quasi-monomial under the action of the following multiplicative and derivative operators [16]:
where σ is the derivative operator of \(B_{n}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n}b_{k}\frac{x^{k}}{k!}\) and is given by
According to the monomiality principle, the multiplicative operator \(\hat{M}_{F}\) and derivative operator \(\hat{P}_{F}\) of Boas–Buck polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\), when acting on the Boas–Buck polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\), yield
and
The differential equation satisfied by Boas–Buck polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\) is given by
The exponential generating function of Boas–Buck polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\) can be cast in the form
The Boas–Buck polynomial set includes many important general classes of polynomial sets. Some of them are listed in Table 2.
In this paper, the 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials are introduced by means of a generating function, and their properties are studied. In order to show some applications of the main results, several illustrative examples are also considered. The Carlitz theorem for mixed generating functions is extended to the 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials, and an alternative method for finding the connection coefficient between two 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials is also presented. A recursion relation characterizing the 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials is derived. Certain graphical representations and numerical computations for these polynomials are also presented.
2 Boas–Buck-general polynomials \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)
In this section, a new hybrid class of the 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials (2VBBGP) denoted by \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) is introduced by convoluting the Boas–Buck polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\) and 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\). In order to establish the generating function for these polynomials, the operational technique with monomiality principle plays a major role. Indeed, on replacing x by the multiplicative operator \(\hat{M}_{F}\) (7) of the Boas–Buck polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\) in the generating function (1) of the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\), the following expression is obtained:
Using Equation (13) (for 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)) and denoting \(P_{n}(\hat{M}_{F},y)\) by the resultant 2-variable Boas–Buck-general polynomials (2VBBGP) \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\), we get
which by virtue of Equation (3) gives the following generating function of 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\):
Further, using expansion (2) in Equation (15), then simplifying and comparing similar powers of t on both sides of the resultant equation, we get the following series expansion of the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\):
In view of Table 2, certain polynomial sets belonging to the 2-variable Boas–Buck-general family \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) are established and mentioned in Table 3.
In order to ensure that the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) are quasi-monomial, the following result is proved. For the sake of uniformity, throughout the paper we take
unless otherwise stated.
Theorem 2.1
The multiplicative and derivative operators of 2VBBGP\({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)are respectively given by
and
Proof
Note that Equation (9) allows us to write the relation
So that we can write
Differentiating Equation (16) partially with respect to t, we obtain
Now, using identity (22) and comparing similar powers of t gives
which in view of relation (10) (for 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)) gives assertion (19).
Rewriting identity (22) using generating function (16) of 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\), we obtain
which on comparing similar powers of t and in view of relation (11) (for 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)) gives assertion (20). □
In view of relation (12) (for 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)), expressions (19) and (20) give the following result.
Theorem 2.2
The 2VBBGP\({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)satisfies the following differential equation:
Remark 2.1
Taking \(C(t)=t\) in Equations (19), (20), and (26), the following consequences of Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 are deduced.
Corollary 2.1
The Brenke general polynomials\({}_{Y}P_{n}(x,y)\)are quasi-monomial with respect to the following multiplicative and derivative operators:
and satisfy the following differential equation:
Remark 2.2
Taking \(B(t)=\exp (t)\) in Equations (19), (20), and (26), the following consequences of Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 are deduced.
Corollary 2.2
The Sheffer general polynomials\({}_{S}P_{n}(x,y)\)are quasi-monomial with respect to the following multiplicative and derivative operators:
and satisfy the following differential equation:
Remark 2.3
Taking \(C(t)=t\) and \(B(t)=\exp (t)\) in Equations (19), (20), and (26), the following consequences of Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 are deduced.
Corollary 2.3
The Appell general polynomials\({}_{L}P_{n}(x,y)\)are quasi-monomial with respect to the following multiplicative and derivative operators:
and satisfy the following differential equation:
In the next section, we discuss the illustrative examples of some members belonging to the 2-variable Boas–Buck-general family \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) in order to give applications of the results derived above.
3 Illustrative examples
Certain polynomial sets belonging to the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) and their corresponding results for the above established properties are derived and mentioned in the following illustrative examples.
Example 3.1
For \(\varPhi (y,t)=e^{yt^{s}}\), the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the Gould–Hopper polynomials \(G^{(s)}_{n}(x,y)\) (Table 1(I)). Consequently, the resulting Boas–Buck–Gould–Hopper polynomials denoted by \({}_{F}G^{(s)}_{n}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
The other corresponding results for Boas–Buck–Gould–Hopper polynomials \({}_{F}G^{(s)}_{n}(x,y)\) are presented in Table 4.
Remark 3.1
Since for \(s=2\) the Gould–Hopper polynomials \(G_{n}^{(s)}(x,y)\) reduce to the 2-variable Hermite Kampé de Feriet polynomials \(H_{n}(x,y)\), taking \(s=2\) in Equation (36), we get the following generating function for the Boas–Buck–Hermite polynomials denoted by \({}_{F}H_{n}(x,y)\):
The series definition and other results for the Boas–Buck–Hermite polynomials \({}_{F}H_{n}(x, y)\) can be obtained by taking \(s=2\) in the results given in Table 4.
Example 3.2
For \(\varPhi (y,t)=C_{0}(-yt^{s})\), the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the 2-variable generalized Laguerre polynomials \({{}_{s}L_{n}(y,x)}\) (Table 1(II)). Consequently, the resulting Boas–Buck–generalized Laguerre polynomials denoted by \({}_{F}L^{(s)}_{n}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
The other corresponding results for Boas–Buck-generalized Laguerre polynomials \({}_{F}L^{(s)}_{n}(x,y)\) are presented in Table 5.
Remark 3.2
Since for \(s=1\) and \(y\rightarrow -y\) the 2-variable generalized Laguerre polynomials \({{}_{s}}L_{n}(y,x)\) reduce to the 2-variable Laguerre polynomials \(L_{n}(y,x)\), taking \(s=1\) and \(y\rightarrow -y\) in Equation (38), we get the generating function for the Boas–Buck–Laguerre polynomials denoted by \({}_{F}L_{n}(x,y)\):
The series definition and other results for the Boas–Buck–Laguerre polynomials \({}_{F}L_{n}(x,y)\) can be obtained by taking \(s=1\) and \(y\rightarrow -y\) in the results given in Table 5.
Example 3.3
For \(\varPhi (y,t)=\frac{1}{1-yt^{r}}\), the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the 2-variable truncated exponential polynomials of order r, \(e_{n}^{(r)}(x,y)\) (Table 1(III)). Consequently, the resulting Boas–Buck-truncated exponential polynomials of order r denoted by \({}_{F}e^{(r)}_{n}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
The other corresponding results for Boas–Buck-truncated exponential polynomials of order r\({}_{F}e^{(r)}_{n}(x,y)\) are presented in Table 6.
Example 3.4
For \(\varPhi (y,t)=\frac{te^{yt^{j}}}{e^{t}-1}\), the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the 2-dimensional Bernoulli polynomials \(B_{n}^{(j)}(x,y)\) (Table 1(IV)). Consequently, the resulting Boas–Buck–Bernoulli polynomials denoted by \({}_{F}B^{(j)}_{n}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
The other corresponding results for Boas–Buck–Bernoulli polynomials \({}_{F}B^{(j)}_{n}(x,y)\) are presented in Table 7.
Example 3.5
For \(\varPhi (y,t)=\frac{2e^{yt^{j}}}{e^{t}+1}\), the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the 2-dimensional Euler polynomials \(E^{(j)}_{n}(x,y)\) (Table 1(V)). Consequently, the resulting Boas–Buck–Euler polynomials denoted by \({}_{F}E^{(j)}_{n}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
The other corresponding results for Boas–Buck–Euler polynomials \({}_{F}E^{(j)}_{n}(x,y)\) are presented in Table 8.
In the next section, connection coefficients between two 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) sets are derived. Further, Carlitz theorem is extended for the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\).
4 Connection coefficient and Carlitz theorem
In the last few years, popularity and interest in detecting connection coefficients have gained attention as they play a vital role in various situations of pure and applied mathematics, especially in combinatorial analysis, and are used in the computation of physical and chemical properties of the quantum-mechanical system. To express a general method for the derivation of connection coefficients for the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\), the following theorem is proved.
Theorem 4.1
Let\(\{{}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\}_{n\geq 0}\)with lowering operator\(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}P}\)and\(\{{}_{F}Q_{n}(x,y)\}_{n\geq 0}\)with lowering operator\(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}Q}\)be two polynomial sets of 2VBBGP generated respectively by
and
Then the connection coefficient\(C_{m,n}\)in
is given by the generating function
where\(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}Q}=f(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}P})\).
Proof
Using the result [20, p. 416, Theorem 3.1], we can write 2VBBGP \({}_{F}Q_{n}(x,y)\) as
Putting value of \({}_{F}Q_{n}(x,y)\) from Equation (47) in (45) gives
Since
so, from the result [20, p. 415, Lemma 2.2], we can write
Using the above relation and the fact \(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}Q}=f(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}P})\) in Equation (48), we get
Putting
in Equation (51), we obtain
Since \(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}Q}\) is a lowering operator of \({}_{F}Q_{n}(x,y)\), so \(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}Q}\) is also a lowering operator of \(B_{n}^{(2)}(x)\). Using this fact and simplifying Equation (53) give
Now, on putting the above value of \(g_{n}(m)\) in Equation (52), we obtain assertion (46). □
Remark 4.1
Since for \(B_{1}(t)=B_{2}(t)=B(t)\)
and
where σ is the derivative operator of \(B_{n}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n}b_{k}\frac{x^{k}}{k!}\), from Equations (55) and (56) we can write
Thus the following consequence of Theorem 4.1 is obtained.
Corollary 4.1
Let\(\{{}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\}_{n\geq 0}\)with lowering operator\(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}P}\)and\(\{{}_{F}Q_{n}(x,y)\}_{n\geq 0}\)with lowering operator\(\hat{P}_{{}_{F}Q}\)be two polynomial sets of 2VBBGP generated respectively by
and
Then the connection coefficient\(C_{m,n}\)in
is given by the generating function
To give an application of the result given in Theorem 4.1, we consider the following example.
Example 4.1
Since for \(\varPhi _{1}(y,t)=e^{yt^{s}}\) the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to Gould–Hopper polynomials \(G_{n}^{(s)}(x,y)\) (Table 1(I)) and for \(A_{1}(t)=\frac{t}{e^{t}-1}\), \(B_{1}(xt)=\exp (xt)\) and \(C_{1}(t)=t\), the Boas–Buck polynomials reduce to Bernoulli polynomials [21], the resulting Bernoulli–Gould–Hopper polynomials denoted by \({}_{B}G_{n}^{(s)}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
Since for \(\varPhi _{2}(y,t)=C_{0}(-yt^{r})\) the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to 2-variable generalized Laguerre polynomials \({}_{r}L_{n}(x,y)\) (Table 1(II)) and for \(A_{2}(t)=\frac{2}{e^{t}+1}\), \(B_{2}(xt)=\exp (xt)\), and \(C_{2}(t)=t\) the Boas–Buck polynomials reduce to Euler polynomials [21], the resulting Euler–Laguerre polynomials denoted by \({}_{E}L_{n}^{(r)}(x,y)\) are defined by the following generating function:
Now, by using Theorem 4.1, the connection coefficient in
is given by the generating function
Similarly, connection coefficients of other members belonging to this family can be obtained.
In order to extend Carlitz theorem for 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\), we first define a generating function of 2VBBGP of order α, \({}_{F}P_{n}^{(\alpha )}(x,y)\) as follows:
where \(\varPhi (y,t)\), \(A(t)\), \(B(t)\), and \(C(t)\) are given by (2), (4), (5), and (6), respectively.
Next we prove the following result.
Theorem 4.2
Let\(A(t)\), \(B(t)\), \(C(t)\), and\(\varPhi (y,t)\)be regular in the neighborhood of origin. Then, for arbitraryμ, the following generating function for the 2VBBGP of orderα, \({}_{F}P_{n}^{(\alpha )}(x,y)\)holds true:
where\(w=z(\varPhi (y,t))^{-\mu }\).
Proof
Applying Taylor’s expansion theorem in Equation (66), we get
so that we can also write
Taking
and
then Equation (69) can be written as
Recall Lagrange’s expansion [22, p. 146]
where the functions \(f(t)\) and \(\psi (t)\) are regular about the origin and z is given by
Using Equation (72) in Lagrange’s expansion (73), we have
which in view of Equations (70), (71), and (74) gives assertion (67). □
To give an application of the result given in Theorem 4.2, we consider the following example.
Example 4.2
Consider Boas–Buck–Hermite polynomials \({}_{F}H_{n}(x,y)\) defined by Equation (37). In view of Equation (66), the generating function of Boas–Buck–Hermite polynomials of order α\({}_{F}H_{n}^{(\alpha )}(x,y)\) is given by
Then its Carlitz type generating function is given by
where \(w=z\exp (-\mu yt^{2})\).
Similarly, a Carlitz type generating function of other members belonging to this family can be obtained.
In the next section, the recursion relation which characterizes the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) is given.
5 Concluding remarks
One of the main results of Boas and Buck [15] is that a necessary and sufficient condition for the polynomials \(F_{n}(x)\) to have a generating function of Boas–Buck type is that there exists a sequence of numbers \(\alpha _{k}\) and \(\beta _{k}\) such that, for \(n\geq 1\), the following recursion relation holds:
For the hybrid polynomials 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\), we prove the following analogous result.
Theorem 5.1
For the 2VBBGP\({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)defined by Equation (16), the following recursion relation holds true for\(n\geq 1\):
where
and
Proof
Consider
Then
and
Eliminating \(B(xC(t))\) and \(B^{\prime }(xC(t))\) from Equations (83)–(85) gives
In view of Equations (16) and (83), we have
Using Equations (80)–(82) and (87) in Equation (86), we have
Simplifying Equation (88) gives
from which, on comparing the coefficients of equal powers of t in Equation (89), we get assertion (79). □
Remark 5.1
Since for \(C(t)=t\) the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the Brenke general polynomials \({}_{Y}P_{n}(x,y)\), from Equation (81) it follows that \(\xi _{k}=0\). Thus the following consequence of Theorem 5.1 is obtained.
Corollary 5.1
For the Brenke general polynomials\({}_{Y}P_{n}(x,y)\)defined by Table 3(I), the following recursion relation holds true for\(n\geq 1\):
where\(\alpha _{n}\)and\(\mu _{n}(y)\)are defined by Equations (80) and (82) respectively.
Remark 5.2
Since for \(B(t)=\exp (t)\) the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the Sheffer general polynomials \({}_{S}P_{n}(x,y)\), it follows that Sheffer general polynomials \({}_{S}P_{n}(x,y)\) satisfy the recursion relation identical to (79) with Equations (80), (81), and (82) holding.
Remark 5.3
Since for \(C(t)=t\) and \(B(t)=\exp (t)\) the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to the Appell general polynomials \({}_{L}P_{n}(x,y)\), from Equation (81) it follows that \(\xi _{k}=0\). Thus Sheffer general polynomials \({}_{S}P_{n}(x,y)\) satisfy the recursion relation identical to (90) with Equations (80) and (82) holding.
Finally, to give an application of the result given in Theorem 5.1, we consider the following example.
Example 5.1
Since for \(\varPhi (y,t)=\frac{1}{1-yt}\) the 2-variable general polynomials \(P_{n}(x,y)\) reduce to 2-variable truncated exponential polynomials of order 1 \(e_{n}(x,y)\) (Table 1(III)) and for \(A(t)=\frac{1}{1-t}\), \(B(xt)=\exp (xt)\), and \(C(t)=\frac{-t}{1-t}\) the Boas–Buck polynomials reduce to Laguerre polynomials [23], putting these values in Equation (16), the 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) is reduced to the Laguerre-truncated exponential polynomials (LTEP) denoted by \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) and is given by
From the expressions of \(A(t)\), \(C(t)\), and \(\varPhi (y,t)\), we find
and
On comparing Equations (92)–(94) with Equations (81)–(83), we find
and
Using the expressions from Equations (95) and (96) in Equation (79), we get the following recurrence relation for LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\):
Similarly, a recurrence relation of other members belonging to this family can also be obtained.
References
Khan, S., Raza, N.: General-Appell polynomials within the context of monomiality principle. Int. J. Anal. 2013, Article ID 328032 (2013)
Gould, H.W., Hopper, A.T.: Operational formulas connected with two generalizations of Hermite polynomials. Duke Math. J. 29(1), 51–63 (1962)
Dattoli, G., Lorenzutta, S., Mancho, A.M., Torre, A.: Generalized polynomials and associated operational identities. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 108(1–2), 209–218 (1999)
Dattoli, G., Migliorati, M., Srivastava, H.M.: A class of Bessel summation formulas and associated operational methods. Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 7(2), 169–176 (2004)
Bretti, G., Ricci, P.E.: Multidimensional extensions of the Bernoulli and Appell polynomials. Taiwan. J. Math. 8(3), 415–428 (2004)
Yılmaz, B., Özarslan, M.A.: Differential equations for the extended 2D Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2013(1), 107 (2013)
Yasmin, G., Muhyi, A., Araci, S.: Certain results of q-Sheffer–Appell polynomials. Symmetry 2019(11), 159 (2019)
Srivastava, H.M., Araci, S., Khan, W.A., Acikgöz, M.: A note on the truncated-exponential based Apostol-type polynomials. Symmetry 11(4), 538 (2019)
Kumam, W., Srivastava, H.M., Wani, S.A., Araci, S., Kumam, P.: Truncated-exponential-based Frobenius–Euler polynomials. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019(1), 530 (2019)
Wani, S.A., Nisar, K.S.: Quasi-monomiality and convergence theorem for the Boas–Buck–Sheffer polynomials. AIMS Math. 5(5), 4432 (2020)
Araci, S., Khan, W.A., Nisar, K.S.: Symmetric identities of Hermite–Bernoulli polynomials and Hermite–Bernoulli numbers attached to a Dirichlet character χ. Symmetry 10(12), 675 (2018)
Baleanu, D., Khan, W.A., Nisar, K.S.: A note on \((p, q)\)-analogue type of Fubini numbers and polynomials. AIMS Math. 5(3), 2743–2757 (2020)
Khan, W.A., Nisar, K.S., Araci, S., Acikgoz, M.: Fully degenerate Hermite poly-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. Adv. Appl. Math. Sci. 17, 461–478 (2018)
Khan, N., Usman, T., Nisar, K.S.: A study of generalized Laguerre poly-Genocchi polynomials. Mathematics 7(3), 219 (2019)
Boas, R.P., Buck, R.C.: Polynomials defined by generating relations. Am. Math. Mon. 63(9P1), 626–632 (1956)
Cheikh, Y.B.: Some results on quasi-monomiality. Appl. Math. Comput. 141(1), 63–76 (2003)
Brenke, W.C.: On generating functions of polynomial systems. Am. Math. Mon. 52(6), 297–301 (1945)
Rainville, E.D.: Special Functions. Chelsea, New York (1971)
Appell, P.: Sur Une Classe de Polynômes. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1880)
Cheikh, Y.B.: On obtaining dual sequences via quasi-monomiality. Georgian Math. J. 9(3), 413–422 (2002)
Srivastava, H.M.: Some formulas for the Bernoulli and Euler polynomials at rational arguments. In: Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 129, pp. 77–84. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000)
Pólya, G., Szegö, G.: Problems and Theorems in Analysis II: Theory of Functions. Zeros. Polynomials. Determinants. Number Theory. Geometry. Springer, Berlin (1997)
Andrews, L.C.: Special Functions of Mathematics for Engineers, vol. 49. Spie Press, Bellingham (1998)
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their careful reviews and useful suggestions on improving the presentation of the paper.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed equally to this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Appendix
Appendix
In the previous section, the recursion relation of 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\) has been obtained. In this section, we discuss the graphical and computational aspects related to these polynomials. The software “Mathematica” is used to show the behavior of LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) (which is a member of 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\)) by means of the graph, 3D surface plot, and plotting of zeros. The LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) are defined by the generating function (91), and first few LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) are as follows:
The shape of LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) for \(y=5\) is displayed. In Fig. 1 (left) and Fig. 1 (right), graphs for the even values (2n; \(n=0,1,2,\ldots ,6\)) and odd values (\(2n+1\); \(n=0,1,2,\ldots ,6\)) are shown respectively.
The 3D surface plots are more informative and better for analysis. The predictor variables are displayed on the x and y axes, while the response variable z is represented by a smooth surface (3D surface plot) or a grid. It helps to visualize the response surface and hence provide a more clear concept. The surface plot of LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) for \(n=20\) and \(n=21\) is displayed in Fig. 2.
Numerical results for number of real and complex zeros of the LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) for \(y=5\) are listed in Table 9.
Approximate solution satisfying the LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) for \(y=5\) is given in Table 10.
Next, we draw the graphs showing shapes with scattered real zeros of LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\). In Fig. 3 (left) and Fig. 3 (right), graphs for the even value \(n=20\) and odd value \(n=21\) along with their real zeros are shown respectively for \(y=5\).
Using computers it has been checked for several values of n that, for \(b \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(x \in \mathbb{C}\), LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,b)\) has \(\operatorname{Im}(x)=0\) reflection symmetry. However, LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,b)\) does not have \(\operatorname{Re}(x)= a\) reflection symmetry (see Fig. 4). But it still remains unknown whether this is true or not for all values of n. In Fig. 4 (left) and Fig. 4 (right), zeros for the even value \(n=20\) and odd value \(n=21\) are shown respectively for \(y=5\).
By using numerical investigation and computer experiments, we find the real and complex zeros and observe the phenomenon of distribution of the zeros. Real zeros of the LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)\) for \(y=5\), \(x \in \mathbb{R}\), and \(1\leq n \leq 20\) are plotted in Fig. 5.
Next, stacks of zeros of LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)=0\) for \(y=5\) and \(1\leq n \leq 20\) form a 3-D structure and are presented in Fig. 6.
We observed the remarkable regular structure of zeros of LTEP \({}_{L}e_{n}(x,y)=0\). Similar numerical computations give an unrestricted capability to create visual mathematical investigations of the behavior of several other polynomials belonging to 2VBBGP \({}_{F}P_{n}(x,y)\).
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Yasmin, G., Islahi, H. & Muhyi, A. Certain results on a hybrid class of the Boas–Buck polynomials. Adv Differ Equ 2020, 362 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02824-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02824-5