Abstract
This paper is devoted to the existence and non-existence of positive solutions to the following negative power nonlinear integral equation related to the sharp reversed Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality:
where \(0< q<1\), \(\alpha >n\), \(0<\beta <\alpha -n\), \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), Ω is a smooth bounded domain, \(K(x)\), \(G(x)\) are positive continuous functions in Ω̅. For \(K\equiv G\equiv 1\), the existence and non-existence of positive solutions to the equation have been studied by Dou–Guo–Zhu (2019). In this paper we consider the existence and non-existence of positive solutions to the above integral equation with the general weight functions \(K(x)\), \(G(x)\).
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1 Introduction
In this paper we consider the existence and non-existence of positive solutions to the following negative power nonlinear integral equation:
where \(0< q<1\), \(\alpha >n\), \(0<\beta <\alpha -n\), \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), Ω is a smooth bounded domain, \(K(x)\), \(G(x)\) are positive continuous functions in Ω̅.
For \(0<\alpha <n\), \(G(x)\equiv 1\), the existence and non-existence of positive solutions to (1.1) were studied by Dou–Zhu [2] and Guo–Wang [3] recently. Notice that when \(0<\alpha <n\) this nonlinear integral equation is closely related to the sharp Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev (HLS for short) inequality [4–7].
For \(\alpha >n\), the existence and non-existence of positive solutions to (1.1) are also studied by Dou–Guo–Zhu [1] when \(K(x)\equiv G(x)\equiv 1\). In this case the nonlinear integral equation is related to the sharp reversed HLS inequality obtained by Beckner [8] and Dou–Zhu [9], respectively. In fact, Eq. (1.1) (when \(K(x)\equiv 1\), \(\lambda =0\)) can be seen as the Euler–Lagrange equation of the following minimizing problem related to the reversed HLS inequality:
On the other hand, for Eq. (1.1) with \(K(x)\equiv 1\) and \(\lambda =0\), the blowup behavior of energy maximizing positive solutions as \(q\to (\frac{2n}{n+\alpha })^{+} \) when \(1<\alpha <n\), and the blowup behavior of energy minimizing positive solution as \(q\to (\frac{2n}{n+\alpha })^{-}\) when \(\alpha >n\) are also analyzed by Guo [10].
In this paper we consider the integral equation (1.1) for general weight functions \(K(x)\), \(G(x)\) and \(\alpha >n\).
The following condition is needed.
- \((\mathcal{T})\).:
\(K(x_{*})-K(x)=o( \vert x-x_{*} \vert ^{\gamma })\) as \(x\to x_{*}\), where \(K(x_{*})=\min_{x\in \overline{\varOmega }}K(x)\), \(\gamma >0\).
Denote \(G(\tilde{x}_{*})=\max_{x\in \overline{\varOmega }}G(x)\).
The main results are stated as follows.
Theorem 1.1
Assume\(\alpha >n\), \(\beta \in (0,\alpha -n)\), Ωis a smooth bounded domain of diameter\(d(\varOmega )\).
- (i)
For\(0< q<\frac{2n}{n+\alpha }\) (subcritical case), \(-\frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})}< \lambda \), the positive functions\(K(x),G(x)\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\), then there is a positive solution\(f\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\)to Eq. (1.1).
- (ii)
For\(q=\frac{2n}{n+\alpha }\) (critical case), \(- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})}<\lambda <0\), the positive functions\(K(x),G(x)\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\), assume further that\(\beta < n\)and\((\mathcal{T})\)holds, then there is a positive solution\(f\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\)to Eq. (1.1).
- (iii)
For\(\frac{2n}{n+\alpha }\leq q<1\) (critical case and supercritical case), \(\lambda \geq 0\), the nonnegative functions\(K(x),G(x)\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\), ifΩis a star-shaped domain with respect tox̃, \((x-\tilde{x},\nabla K(x))\geq 0\)and\((x-\tilde{x},\nabla G(x))\geq 0\), then there is not any positive\(C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\)solution to Eq. (1.1).
We use c, C throughout the paper to represent positive constants, which may vary from line to line.
2 Preliminaries
For simplicity, we denote \(p_{\alpha }:=\frac{2n}{n-\alpha }\), \(q_{\alpha }:=\frac{2n}{n+\alpha }\) throughout the paper. For \(0< q<1\), we also denote \(L^{q}(\varOmega ):=\{f\mid \int _{\varOmega } \vert f \vert ^{q}(x)\,dx<\infty \}\) for any domain \(\varOmega \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(L_{+}^{q}(\varOmega ):=\{f\in L^{q}(\varOmega )\setminus \{0\}:f\ge 0\}\) and define \(\Vert f \Vert _{L^{q}(\varOmega )}:=(\int _{\varOmega } \vert f \vert ^{q}(x)\,dx)^{\frac{1}{q}}\) for \(f\in L^{q}(\varOmega )\). Notice that \(\Vert f \Vert _{L^{q}(\varOmega )}\) is not a norm if \(0< q<1\).
We first recall the sharp reversed HLS inequality on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\).
Theorem A
Let\(\alpha >n\). Then
for all\(f,g\in L^{q_{\alpha }}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), where\(N_{\alpha }:=\pi ^{\frac{n-\alpha }{2}} \frac{\varGamma (\frac{\alpha }{2})}{\varGamma (\frac{n}{2}+\frac{\alpha }{2})} (\frac{\varGamma (\frac{n}{2})}{\varGamma (n)} )^{-\frac{\alpha }{n}} \). Moreover, the equality holds if and only if\(f(x)=c_{1}g(x)=c_{2}(\frac{1}{c_{3}+ \vert x-x_{0} \vert ^{2}})^{ \frac{n+\alpha }{2}}\), where\(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), \(c_{3}\)are any constants, \(x_{0}\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\).
3 Proofs of the main results
Here and hereafter we always assume \(\alpha >n\).
3.1 Existence—subcritical case
We first prove the existence of positive solution to Eq. (1.1) in the subcritical case \(0< q< q_{\alpha }\). The following lemma from [2] is needed.
Lemma 3.1
(see [2])
Let\(q\in (0,q_{\alpha })\). There exists a positive constant\(C(n,q, \alpha ,\varOmega )>0\)such that
for any nonnegative function\(f\in L^{q}(\varOmega )\).
Now we prove the following lemma, which implies the existence result of part (i) in Theorem 1.1.
Lemma 3.2
Assume the positive functions\(K(x), G(x)\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\). Then, for\(0< q< q_{\alpha }\), \(\lambda >- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})}\), the infimum
is attained by some nonnegative function in\(L_{+}^{q}(\varOmega )\).
Proof
Notice that \(\lambda >- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})}\) and
Then by Lemma 3.1, \(Q_{\lambda ,q}(\varOmega )>0\).
Now we can choose the minimizing positive sequence \(\{f_{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }\) in \(L_{+}^{q}(\varOmega )\) and argue as Lemma 3.2 in [1]. We sketch it for the reader’s convenience. Assume \(f_{j}\in L^{q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )\) and \(\Vert f_{j} \Vert _{L^{q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}=1\). Then, up to a subsequence,
and
As in [1], we have \(\Vert f_{j} \Vert _{L^{1}(\varOmega )}\leq C\). Thus \(\int _{\varOmega }f_{*}^{q}>C>0\) via an interpolation inequality and \(f_{j}^{q}\rightharpoonup f_{*}^{q}\) weakly in \(L^{\frac{1}{q}}(\varOmega )\). For any fixed \(x\in \overline{\varOmega }\), \(f_{*}^{1-q}(y) \vert x-y \vert ^{\alpha -n}(K(x)K(y)+\lambda G(x) \vert x-y \vert ^{\beta }G(y)) \in L^{\frac{1}{1-q}}(\varOmega )\). Therefore
Now we prove that the convergence is uniform for all \(x\in \overline{\varOmega }\). Firstly, as Lemma 3.2 in [1], we have \(\int _{\varOmega }f_{j}^{q}(y)f_{*}^{1-q}(y) \vert x-y \vert ^{\alpha -n}(K(x)K(y)+ \lambda G(x) \vert x-y \vert ^{\beta }G(y))\,dy\) is uniformly bounded for \(x\in \overline{\varOmega }\). Now it is left to prove that \(\int _{\varOmega }f_{j}^{q}(y)f_{*}^{1-q}(y) \vert x-y \vert ^{\alpha -n}(K(x)K(y)+ \lambda G(x) \vert x-y \vert ^{\beta }G(y))\,dy\) is equicontinuous in Ω̅. Notice that \(K(x),G(x)\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\) and for any \(x_{1},x_{2},y\in \overline{\varOmega }\),
Then since \(\int _{\varOmega }f_{j}^{q}(y)f_{*}^{1-q}(y)K(y)\,dy\) is bounded, for any \(x_{1},x_{2}\in \overline{\varOmega }\),
So \(\int _{\varOmega }f_{j}^{q}(y)f_{*}^{1-q}(y) \vert x-y \vert ^{\alpha -n}K(y)\,dy\) and, by a similar argument, \(\lambda \int _{\varOmega }f_{j}^{q}(y)f_{*}^{1-q}(y) \vert x- y \vert ^{\alpha + \beta -n}G(y)\,dy\) are equicontinuous in \(x\in \overline{\varOmega }\). Thus we see that \(\int _{\varOmega }f_{j}^{q}(y)f_{*}^{1-q}(y) \vert x-y \vert ^{\alpha -n} (K(x)K(y)+ \lambda G(x) \vert x-y \vert ^{\beta }G(y))\,dy\) is equicontinuous in Ω̅.
Now similar to Lemma 3.2 in [1], we can prove
By \(\Vert f_{j} \Vert _{L^{q}(\varOmega )}\rightarrow \Vert f_{*} \Vert _{L^{q}(\varOmega )}>0\) and the above,
That is, \(f_{*}\) is the minimizer. □
Again as that in [1], we obtain \(u\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\). Thus we complete the proof of Theorem 1.1 (i).
Remark 3.3
We assume \(\lambda >- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})}\) here to make sure that \(Q_{\lambda ,q}(\varOmega )\) is positive.
3.2 Existence—critical case
Now we establish the existence and the regularity results for the weak solution to (1.1) with critical exponent for \(\lambda <0\). Consider
Notice that the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equation for extremal functions, up to a constant multiplier, is the integral equation (1.1) with \(q=q_{\alpha }\).
We first show the following lemma.
Lemma 3.4
Assume that the positive functions\(K(x),G(x)\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\)and\((\mathcal{T})\)holds. Then\({Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}< K^{2}(x_{*})N_{\alpha }\)for all\(\lambda <0\). Further, \(0<{Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}<K^{2}(x_{*})N_{ \alpha }\)for any\(\lambda \in (- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})},0)\), where\(\beta >0\).
Proof
We distinguish two cases: (I) \(x_{*}\in \varOmega \); (II) \(x_{*} \in \partial \varOmega \).
(I) Let \(x_{*}\in \varOmega \). By \((\mathcal{T})\), there exists small \(R>0\) such that \(K(x)-K(x_{*})\leq c \vert x-x_{*} \vert ^{\gamma }\) when \(x\in B_{R}(x_{*})\subset \varOmega \). For small \(\epsilon >0\), we define
where \(f_{\epsilon }(x)=\epsilon ^{-\frac{n+\alpha }{2}}f_{1}( \frac{x-x_{*}}{\epsilon })=( \frac{\epsilon }{\epsilon ^{2}+ \vert x-x_{*} \vert ^{2}})^{\frac{n+\alpha }{2}}\), \({f_{1}(x)=(\frac{1}{1+ \vert x \vert ^{2}})^{\frac{n+\alpha }{2}}}\). Notice that \(f_{1}\) and its conformal equivalent class \(f_{\epsilon }\) are the extremal functions to the sharp reversed HLS inequality (2.1). Obviously, \(\widetilde{f}_{\epsilon }\in L^{q_{\alpha }}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). By \((\mathcal{T})\), we have
where
For \(I_{1}\), we have
For \(I_{2}\), we have
where \(C_{2}:=c^{2}N_{\alpha } \Vert f_{\epsilon } \Vert ^{2}_{L^{q_{\alpha }}( \mathbb{R}^{n})}\). For \(I_{3}\), we have
where \(C_{3}:=2c K(x_{*}) N_{\alpha } \Vert f_{\epsilon } \Vert ^{2}_{L^{q_{\alpha }}( \mathbb{R}^{n})}\). Therefore, for \(\lambda <0\), we can take s satisfying \(\frac{\beta }{\gamma }< s\), and \(R=\epsilon ^{s}>0\) for some \(\epsilon >0\) small enough, such that
Combining this with (3.2), for \(\lambda <0\), \(\epsilon >0\) small enough, we have
That is, for any \(\lambda <0\), \({Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}< K^{2}(x_{*})N_{\alpha }\).
(II) Let \(x_{*}\in \partial \varOmega \). By \((\mathcal{T})\), there exists \(\rho _{1}>0\) such that \(K(x)-K(x_{*})\leq c \vert x-x_{*} \vert ^{\gamma }\) when \(x\in V:=\overline{\varOmega }\cap \overline{B(x_{*},\rho _{1})}\).
Let \(0<\rho _{0}<\rho _{1}\), \(x_{0}\in V\) satisfying \(B_{\rho _{0}}(x_{0})\subset V-\partial V\), \(\vert x_{0}-x_{*} \vert =2\rho _{0}\). Then, for any \(x\in B_{\rho _{0}}(x_{0})\), we have
We define
where \(\overline{f}_{\epsilon }(x)=\epsilon ^{-\frac{n+\alpha }{2}}f_{1}( \frac{ \vert x-x_{0} \vert }{\epsilon })=( \frac{\epsilon }{\epsilon ^{2}+ \vert x-x_{0} \vert ^{2}})^{\frac{n+\alpha }{2}}\).
Similar to (I),
where
As in case (I), we know \(J_{1}\leq C_{4}\lambda \epsilon ^{\beta }\). For \(J_{2}\), we have
For \(J_{3}\), we have
Taking s with \(\frac{\beta }{\gamma }< s\) and \(\rho _{0}=\epsilon ^{s}>0\), then
for \(\epsilon >0\) small enough. Thus, combining this with (3.3), for \(\lambda <0\), \(\epsilon >0\) small enough, we have
That is, for any \(\lambda <0\), we have \({Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}< K^{2}(x_{*})N_{\alpha }\).
On the other hand, for any \(\lambda \in (- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega ) G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})},0)\), we also have \({Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}>0\). So we complete the proof. □
In order to prove the existence of weak solutions, we need to prove that the minimal energy \({Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}\) is attained.
Proposition 3.5
For given\(\lambda \in (- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega ) G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})},0)\), \({Q_{\lambda ,q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )}\)is attained by some positive function\(f_{*}\in L^{q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )\).
For \(q< q_{\alpha }\), we consider
By Lemma 3.2, the infimum is attained by the positive function \(f_{q}\) which satisfies the integral equation with the subcritical exponent
That is, \(f_{q}\) is the minimal energy solution to Eq. (3.4). It is easy to see that \(\Vert f_{q} \Vert _{L^{q}(\varOmega )}=1\), \(f_{q}\in C(\overline{\varOmega })\) and \(Q_{\lambda ,q}\rightarrow Q_{\lambda }\) as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\).
Lemma 3.6
For\(\lambda \in (- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})},0)\), \(q\in (0,q_{ \alpha })\). Let\(f_{q}>0\)be a minimal energy solution to (3.4), where\(\Vert f_{q} \Vert _{L^{q}(\varOmega )}=1\). If\(0< Q_{\lambda ,q}(\varOmega )\leq K^{2}(x_{*})N_{\alpha }-\epsilon \)for some\(\epsilon >0\), then there exists\(C>0\)such that\(\frac{1}{C}\leq f_{q}(x)\leq C\)uniformly for all\(x\in \overline{\varOmega }\), \(q\in (0,q_{\alpha })\).
Proof
We prove it by modifying the argument of Lemma 4.3 in [1].
For any \(x\in \overline{\varOmega }\), \(q\in (0,q_{1})\), we see that \(\max_{\overline{\varOmega }}f_{q}(x)=f_{q}(x_{q})\leq C<\infty \) holds uniformly, where \(0< q_{1}< q_{\alpha }\).
We first prove that \(\max_{\overline{\varOmega }}f_{q}(x)=f_{q}(x_{q})\leq C< \infty \) holds uniformly as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\). Otherwise, \(f_{q}(x_{q})\rightarrow \infty \), where \(x_{q}\to \tilde{x}\), up to a subsequence, as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\). Denote
We define
Thus \(g_{q}\) satisfies
and \(g_{q}(0)=1\), \(g_{q}(z)\in (0,1]\).
For convenience, we define \(h_{q}(z):=g_{q}^{q-1}(z)\). So (3.5) is equivalent to
where \(\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1\), \(h_{q}(0)=1\), \(h_{q}(z)\geq 1\).
Claim: There exist \(C_{1},C_{2}>0\) such that
holds uniformly for any domain \(\tilde{\varOmega }\subset \varOmega _{\mu }\) as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\).
The claim can be verified by a similar argument to that in [1], we omit it here. Thus \(h_{q}(z)\) is equicontinuous in any bounded domain \(\widehat{\varOmega }\subset \varOmega _{\mu }\) as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\). In fact, for \(R>0\),
Notice that
For any \(\epsilon >0\) small enough, by (3.6), we have
where \(R>0\) is large enough, \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\), \(z\in \widehat{\varOmega }\). Since \(\beta < n\), by using the same argument as above, we also have
when \(R>0\) large enough, \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\).
On the other hand, it is easy to see that, for \(z\in \widehat{\varOmega }\), \(\int _{\varOmega _{\mu }\cap B(0,R)} \frac{K(\mu _{q}z+x_{q})h_{q}^{p-1}(y)K(\mu _{q}y+x_{q})}{ \vert z-y \vert ^{n-\alpha }}\,dy \in C^{1}(\widehat{\varOmega })\). Combining this with (3.7) and (3.8), we conclude that \(h_{q}(z)\) is equicontinuous in any bounded domain \(\widehat{\varOmega }\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\).
When \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\), we distinguish two cases:
Case 1.\(\varOmega _{\mu }\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}_{T}:=\{(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots,z_{n})\mid z_{n}>-T\}\) for some \(T\ge 0\), and \(h_{q}(z)\rightarrow h(z)\in C(\mathbb{R}^{n}_{T})\) holds uniformly on any compact sets of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}_{T}\), where \(h(z)\) satisfying
Then, similar to Lemma 4.3 in [1], we obtain a contradiction.
Case 2.\(\varOmega _{\mu }\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(h_{q}(z)\rightarrow h(z)\in C(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) holds uniformly on any compact sets of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), where \(h(z)\) satisfying
Again similar to Lemma 4.3 in [1], we obtain a contradiction.
Thus we conclude that there exists \(C>0\) such that \(f_{q}(y)\leq C\) uniformly for \(y\in \overline{\varOmega }\), \(q\in (0,q_{\alpha })\).
On the other hand, if \(\min_{\overline{\varOmega }}f_{q}(x):=f_{q}(\widetilde{x}_{q}) \rightarrow 0\) as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\). Then
as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\), which implies a contradiction. □
Proof of Proposition 3.5
By Lemma 3.6, \(\{f_{q}\}\) are uniformly bounded above and bounded below by a positive constant. Thus the \(\{f_{q}\}\) are equicontinuous due to Eq. (3.4). It follows that \(f_{q}\rightarrow f_{*}\) as \(q\rightarrow (q_{\alpha })^{-}\) in \(C(\overline{\varOmega })\), and \(f_{*}\) is the energy minimizer for \(Q_{\lambda }\). □
Proof of Theorem 1.1 (ii)
Lemma 3.4 and Proposition 3.5 imply the existence of a positive solution \(f\in L^{q_{\alpha }}(\varOmega )\cap C(\overline{\varOmega })\) to Eq. (1.1) for \(q=\frac{2n}{n+\alpha }\), \(\lambda \in (- \frac{K^{2}(x_{*})}{d^{\beta }(\varOmega )G^{2}(\tilde{x}_{*})},0)\). It is also easy to see that \(f\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\). □
3.3 Nonexistence—critical and supercritical case
We first state a Pohozaev type identity.
Lemma 3.7
Assume that the origin is inΩand the domain is star-shaped with respect to the origin. If\(u\in C^{1}(\overline{\varOmega })\)is a nonnegative solution to
where\(p\neq 0\), \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), \(K(x),G(x)\in C^{1}( \overline{\varOmega })\), then
whereνis the outward unit normal vector to∂Ω.
Proof
The argument is standard. We omit it here. □
Proof of Theorem 1.1(iii)
We can prove by using Lemma 3.7 and a similar argument to that used in [1]. We omit it here. □
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for very valuable suggestions and comments, and thank Dr. Jiankang Xia for many helpful discussions and valuable comments during the preparation of this manuscript.
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The first author is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities Grant No. 310201911cx013. The second and the third authors are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11971385) and the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2019JM-275).
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Chen, H., Guo, Q. & Wang, Q. Existence of positive solutions to negative power nonlinear integral equations with weights. Bound Value Probl 2020, 82 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-020-01380-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-020-01380-x