Abstract
In the present paper, we introduce two interesting subclasses of meromorphic and bi-univalent functions defined on \(\Delta=\{z:z\in\mathbb{C}, 1<|z|<\infty\}\). For functions belonging to these subclasses, estimates on the initial coefficient \(|b_{0}|\) and \(|b_{1}|\) are obtained. Some other closely related results are also represented. The coefficient bounds presented here are new in their own kind. We hope that this paper will generate further interest in applying our approach to other related problems.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction and lemmas
Let \(\mathcal{A}\) be the class of functions of the form
which are analytic in the open unit disk \(\mathbb{U}=\{z\in\mathbb{C}: |z|<1\}\). We also denote by \(\mathcal{S}\) the subclass of the normalized analytic function class \(\mathcal{A}\) consisting of all functions in which are also univalent in \(\mathbb{U}\).
Since univalent functions are one-to-one, they are invertible and the inverse functions need not be defined on the entire unit disk \(\mathbb{U}\). In fact, the Koebe one-quarter theorem [3] ensures that the image of \(\mathbb{U}\) under every univalent function \(f\in\mathcal{S}\) contains a disk of radius \(1/4\). Thus every function \(f\in\mathcal{S}\) has an inverse \(f^{-1}\), which is defined by
and
A function \(f\in\mathcal{A}\) is said to be bi-univalent in the open unit disk \(\mathbb{U}\) if both the function and its inverse are univalent in \(\mathbb{U}\). Let σ denote the class of analytic and bi-univalent functions in \(\mathbb{U}\) given by the Taylor–Maclaurin series expansion as in (1.1). For a brief history and interesting examples of functions in the class σ, see [19]. In fact, the aforecited work of Srivastava et al. [19] essentially revived the investigation of various subclasses of the bi-univalent function class σ in recent years; it was followed by works of, e.g., Frasin and Aouf [6], Srivastava et al. [18, 20], Xu et al. [21, 22] and others (see, for example, [1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14]).
In this paper, the concept of bi-univalency is extended to the class of meromorphic functions defined on \(\Delta=\{z:z\in\mathbb{C}, 1<|z|<\infty\}\). The class of functions
that are meromorphic and univalent in Δ is denoted by Σ, and every univalent function g has an inverse \(g^{-1}\) satisfying the series expansion
where \(0< M<|w|<\infty\). Analogous to the bi-univalent analytic functions, a function \(g\in\Sigma\) is said to be meromorphic and bi-univalent if both g and \(g^{-1}\) are meromorphic and univalent in Δ given by (1.2). The class of all meromorphic and bi-univalent functions is denoted by \(\Sigma_{\sigma}\). A simple calculation shows that
Estimates on the coefficients of the inverses of meromorphic univalent functions were widely investigated in the literature. For example, Schiffer [15] showed that if g, defined by (1.2), is in Σ with \(b_{0}=0\), then \(|b_{2}|\leq2/3\). In 1971, Duren [5] obtained the inequality \(|b_{n}|\leq 2/(n+1)\) for \(g\in\Sigma\) with \(b_{k}=0\), \(1\leq k< n/2\). For \(g^{-1}\) being the inverse of g, Springer [17] showed that
and conjectured that
In 1977, Kubota [9] proved that the Springer conjecture is true for \(n=3,4,5\), and subsequently Schober [16] obtained sharp bounds for the coefficients \(B_{2n-1}\) (\(1\leq n \leq7\)). Recently, Kapoor and Mishra [8] found coefficient estimates for inverses of meromorphic starlike functions of positive order α in Δ.
In the present investigation, certain subclasses of meromorphic bi-univalent functions are introduced and estimates for the coefficients \(|b_{0}|\) and \(|b_{1}|\) of functions in the newly introduced subclasses are obtained. These coefficient results are obtained by associating with the functions having positive real part. An analytic function p of the form \(p(z)=1+c_{1}z+c_{2}z^{2}+\cdots\) is called a function with positive real part in \(\mathbb{U}\) if \(\Re p(z)>0\) for all \(z\in\mathbb{U}\). The class of all functions with positive real part is denoted by \(\mathcal{P}\). We need the following lemmas [13] to prove our main results.
Lemma 1.1
If \(\phi(z)\in\mathcal{P}\), the class of functions analytic in \(\mathbb{U}\) with positive real part, is given by
then \(|c_{n}|\leq2\) for each \(n\in\mathbb{N}\).
In 1972, the following univalence criterion was proved by Ozaki and Nunokawa [12].
Lemma 1.2
If for \(f\in\mathcal{A}\)
then f is univalent in \(\mathbb{U}\) and hence \(f\in\mathcal{S}\).
Also, let \(\mathcal{T}(\mu)\) denote the class of functions \(f\in\mathcal{A}\) such that
where μ is a real number with \(0<\mu\leq1\) and \(\mathcal{T}(1)=\mathcal{T}\). It is clear that \(\mathcal{T}(\mu)\subset\mathcal{T}\subset\mathcal{S}\).
Further (see Kuroki et al. [10]), for \(f\in\mathcal{T}(\mu)\) we have that:
2 Main results
Definition 2.1
A function \(g\in\Sigma_{\sigma}\) given by (1.2) is said to be in the class \(\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}^{\alpha}\) if the following conditions are satisfied:
where the function h is an extension of \(g^{-1}\) to Δ defined by (1.4).
Definition 2.2
A function \(g\in\Sigma_{\sigma}\) given by (1.2) is said to be in the class \(\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}(\mu)\) if the following conditions are satisfied:
where the function h is an extension of \(g^{-1}\) to Δ defined by (1.4).
Theorem 2.1
Let the function g, given by the series expansion (1.2), be in the function class \(\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}^{\alpha}\), \(0<\alpha\leq1\). Then
Proof
It follows from (2.1) that
respectively, where \(s(z)\) and \(t(z)\) are functions with positive real part in Δ and have the forms
and
respectively. Now, upon equating the coefficients in (2.5), we get
and, from (2.8) and (2.10), we find that
Also from (2.9) and (2.11) we obtain
Since \(\mathfrak{R}(s(z))>0\) and \(\mathfrak{R}(t(z))>0\) in Δ, the functions \(s(1/z),t(1/z)\in\mathcal{P}\) and hence the coefficients \(s_{k}\) and \(t_{k}\) for each k satisfy the inequality in Lemma 1.1. Applying the triangle inequality, and then Lemma 1.1, in (2.13) and (2.14) gives us the desired estimates on \(|b_{0}|\), as asserted in (2.3).
Next, in order to find the bound on the coefficient \(|b_{1}|\), we subtract (2.11) from (2.9), and we thus get
Hence
On the other hand, using (2.9) and (2.11) yields
By using (2.13), we have from the above equality
From Lemma 1.1 we obtain
and therefore,
Also, by using (2.14), we have from equality (2.17) that
From Lemma 1.1 we obtain
Comparing (2.16), (2.19) and (2.20), we get the desired estimate on the coefficient \(|b_{1}|\), as asserted in (2.4). □
Theorem 2.2
Let the function g, given by the series expansion (1.2), be in the function class \(\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}(\mu)\), \(0<\mu\leq1\). Then
Proof
It follows from (2.2) that
respectively, where \(s(z)\) and \(t(w)\) are functions with positive real part in Δ and have the forms (2.6) and (2.7), respectively. Now, upon equating the coefficients in (2.23) and (2.24), we get
From (2.25) and (2.27) we obtain
Also from (2.26) and (2.28) we obtain
Since \(\mathfrak{R}(s(z))>0\) and \(\mathfrak{R}(t(z))>0\) in Δ, the functions \(s(1/z),t(1/z)\in\mathcal{P}\) and hence the coefficients \(s_{k}\) and \(t_{k}\) for each k satisfy the inequality in Lemma 1.1. Therefore we find from (2.30) and (2.31) that
respectively. So we get the desired estimate on the coefficient \(|b_{0}|\), as asserted in (2.21).
Next, in order to find the bound on the coefficient \(|b_{1}|\), we subtract (2.28) from (2.26), and obtain
Hence
On the other hand, using (2.26) and (2.28) yields
or equivalently
Upon substituting the value of \(b_{0}^{2}\) from (2.30) and (2.31) into (2.36), respectively, it follows that
and
Comparing (2.34) and (2.37), we get the estimate desired on the coefficient \(|b_{1}|\), as given in (2.22). □
3 Conclusion
Lemma 3.1
If \(b_{0}=0\) for the function \(g\in\Sigma\), the series expansion (1.2) becomes
This series expansion was obtained by Schober [16].
Example 3.2
The function \(g(z)=z+1/z\) is clearly a univalent meromorphic function. Direct calculation shows that
This function has the series expansion given by
Corollary 3.1
If g, given by (1.2), is in the class \(\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}(\mu)\), \(0<\mu\leq1\), and \(b_{0}=0\) then
Proof
Assume that the function \(g(z)=z+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{b_{n}}{z^{n}}\in\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}(\mu)\) where \(0<\mu\leq1\). Since \(b_{0}=0, \ s_{1}=t_{1}=0\), the result can be verified by a direct calculation of (2.36). □
Corollary 3.2
Let \(g\in\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}^{\alpha}\), where \(0<\alpha\leq1\). Then
Proof
Since the function \(g(z)=z+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{b_{n}}{z^{n}}\in\mathcal{T}_{\Sigma_{\sigma}}^{\alpha}\) where \(0<\alpha\leq1\) and \(b_{0}=0\), it follows that \(s_{1}=t_{1}=0\). The result can now be seen by a direct calculation of (2.17). □
References
Akgül, A., Altınkaya, Ş.: Coefficient estimates associated with a new subclass of bi-univalent functions. Acta Univ. Apulensis 52, 121–128 (2017)
Altınkaya, S., Yalçın, S.: Initial coefficient bounds for a general class of biunivalent functions. Int. J. Anal. 2014, Article ID 867871 (2014)
Brannan, D.A., Clunie, J.G.: Aspects of Contemporary Complex Analysis. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute Held in Durham, England, August 26 September 6 (1974), Academic Press, New York (1979)
Bulut, S.: Coefficient estimates for a class of analytic and bi-univalent functions. Novi Sad J. Math. 243, 59–65 (2013)
Duren, P.L.: Coefficient of meromorphic Schlicht functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 28, 169–172 (1971)
Frasin, B.A., Aouf, M.K.: New subclasses of bi-univalent functions. Appl. Math. Lett. 249, 1569–1573 (2011)
Jahangiri, J.M., Hamidi, S.G.: Coefficient estimates for certain classes of bi-univalent functions. Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2013, Article ID 190560 (2013)
Kapoor, G.P., Mishra, A.K.: Coefficient estimates for inverses of starlike functions of positive order. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 329, 922–934 (2007)
Kubota, Y.: Coefficients of meromorphic univalent functions. Kodai Math. Semin. Rep. 28, 253–261 (1976/77)
Kuroki, K., Hayami, T., Uyanik, N., Owa, S.: Some properties for a certain class concerned with univalent functions. Comput. Math. Appl. 63, 1425–1432 (2012)
Lewin, M.: On a coefficient problem for bi-univalent functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 18, 63–68 (1967)
Ozaki, S., Nunokawa, M.: The Schwarzian derivative and univalent functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 33, 392–394 (1972)
Pommerenke, C.: UnivalentFunctions. Vandenhoeck-Ruprecht, Göttingen (1975)
Sakar, F.M., Güney, H.Ö.: Coefficient bounds for a new subclass of analytic bi-close-to-convex functions by making use of Faber polynomial expansion. Turk. J. Math. 41, 888–895 (2017)
Schiffer, M.: Sur un problème dèxtrèmum de la reprèsentation conforme. Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 66, 48–55 (1938)
Schober, G.: Coefficients of inverses of meromorphic univalent functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 67(1), 111–116 (1977)
Springer, G.: The coefficient problem for Schlicht mappings of the exterior of the unit circle. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 70, 421–450 (1951)
Srivastava, H.M., Bulut, S., Çağlar, M., Yağmur, N.: Coefficient estimates for a general subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions. Filomat 27, 831–842 (2013)
Srivastava, H.M., Mishra, A.K., Gochhayat, P.: Certain subclasses of analytic and bi-univalent functions. Appl. Math. Lett. 2310, 1188–1192 (2010)
Srivastava, H.M., Murugusundaramoorthy, G., Magesh, N.: Certain subclasses of bi-univalent functions associated with the Hohlov operator. Glob. J. Math. Anal. 12, 67–73 (2013)
Xu, Q.-H., Gui, Y.-C., Srivastava, H.M.: Coefficient estimates for a certain subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions. Appl. Math. Lett. 256, 990–994 (2012)
Xu, Q.-H., Xiao, H.-G., Srivastava, H.M.: A certain general subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions and associated coefficient estimate problems. Appl. Math. Comput. 218, 11461–11465 (2012)
Acknowledgements
The author is indebted to Professor Abdallah Lyzzaik and Professor Daoud Bshouty for their valuable contributions to this paper.
Funding
The present investigation was partly supported by Batman University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit. Project Number: BTUBAP-2018-IIBF-2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares that she has no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Sakar, F.M. Estimating coefficients for certain subclasses of meromorphic and bi-univalent functions. J Inequal Appl 2018, 283 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-018-1879-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-018-1879-4