Introduction

Since the 1990s, the number of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgeries performed has dramatically increased. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample estimated 932,009 hospital discharges associated with cervical spine surgery from 1992 to 2001 in the United States. The overall rate of complications has been reported to be 3.93%, and mortality was estimated at 0.14%. Factors associated with complications were advanced age, primary diagnosis, and type of surgical procedure. The most common reported complication was dysphagia [1]. This symptom predominates in women and is associated with different types of damage such as vocal cord paralysis, esophageal strictures, or hardware extrusion. Dysphagia caused by pharyngeal or esophageal diverticulum is uncommon. Diverticula are thought to be caused by internal pulsion forces and secondary incoordination between the pharyngeal phase of swallowing and cricopharyngeal relaxation [2]. We present a case of a patient with multiple complications after ACDF that presented a challenge for diagnosis and treatment.

Case presentation

Our patient was a 48-year-old woman with a history of two previous cervical surgeries, the first one in 1987 and the second in 2003, with placement of titanium plates and screws at C4-C5 and C5-C6. She was seen at the clinic in 2005 with a 2-month history of fatigue, chills, headache, nausea, and asymmetric arthralgia. She also had episodes of malar rash after sun exposure and cutaneous fluctuating rash in the trunk. Physical examination revealed arthritis of the left shoulder and left ankle, livedo reticularis, and erythematous cutaneous rash in the thorax. No infection foci were detected. Laboratory studies revealed thrombocytosis 485,000 cells/mm3 (normal range 130,000–400,000 cells/mm3), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) 75 mg/dl (normal range 0.1–1.0 mg/dl), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 40 mm/h (normal range 0–20 mm/h). Autoantibodies were negative, and complement levels were within normal range.

From 2005 to 2007, she had no treatment, and her symptoms had a fluctuating course. In 2007, fatigue, rash, and arthralgia appeared again, and she developed edema in her hands and feet. Rheumatology started prednisone and methotrexate without improvement. Six months later, dysphagia, halitosis, and “sputum” production of purulent aspect were added to the patient’s symptoms. She consulted an ear, nose, and throat specialist, who did not find any abnormality.

She continued with elevated CRP, ESR, and thrombocytosis. Labeled leukocyte single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) suggested spondylitis in the cervical spine (C4-C6) and revealed an inflammatory process in the nasopharynx, an increase in the prevertebral space of > 2 cm, and free air in this area (Fig. 1). An esophagogram with hydrosoluble contrast revealed a posterior pharyngoesophageal diverticulum with a fistula to C6 (Fig. 2). The patient’s x-rays of the lateral column after the cervical spine anterior fixation in 2003 showed preserved prevertebral space, and intersomatic C4-C5 box and plate were 5 mm anterior to the vertebral bodies, pressing the esophagus (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Single-photon emission computed tomography shows spondylitis in the cervical spine (C4-C6) and an inflammatory process in the nasopharynx with free air in subcutaneous tissue and increase in the prevertebral space of > 2 cm (red arrow)

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Barium esophagogram shows posterior pharyngoesophageal diverticulum and fistula with leakage from the diverticulum toward C6 vertebra (red arrows)

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Left: Lateral cervical spine x-ray taken in 2000 showing the fixation material with preserved prevertebral space. Right: Lateral cervical spine x-ray after surgical fixation with intersomatic box to C4-C5 showing preserved prevertebral space and fixation material 5 mm anterior to the vertebral bodies, reducing the retroesophageal space and pressing on the esophagus

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The patient was taken to surgery; screws and plates were removed from C4 to C6; surgical debridement was performed; and the fistula and diverticulum were removed with cricopharyngeal myotomy and esophageal repair. Esophagography with water-soluble contrast showed no leak after surgery, but the lumen of the esophagus at C4–C6 was increased in diameter with diminished compliance. Removed plates, screws, and tissue were cultured and grew Streptococcus milleri. The patient was treated with oral amoxicillin 1 g every 8 h and probenecid for 4 months, until a gammagram was negative. Her fatigue, arthralgia, rash, and livedo reticularis as well as dysphagia disappeared. Her acute-phase reactants normalized.

Discussion

We conducted research in the PubMed database using the following terms: pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, Zenker diverticulum, pharyngeal diverticulum, esophageal diverticulum, anterior cervical spine surgery, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion complications. We obtained 15 articles that were either case reports or case series of diverticulum formation after anterior cervical surgery with a total of 19 cases since 1991 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15].

Of the 20 patients, including our patient, 10 were women (50%), and their mean age was 44 years with a range from 24 to 63 years. Seventeen cases (85%) reported dysphagia as the main symptom, and the mean time between the surgery and the symptoms was 4.4 years (interval from 6 months until 18 years); only one case did not specify time [6]. Seventy-seven percent of patients had cervical intervention at levels C5-C6 and/or C6-C7. Eighteen cases (90%) were treated with open surgery, one with endoscopic repair and one with conservative management and surveillance. Two cases were complicated with fistula; one of these was a pharyngocutaneous fistula secondary to neck abscess drainage [2, 4]. Three cases were complicated with abscess or infection: two with neck abscess [2, 6] and one fatal case with perforation, mediastinitis, and death [8]. All of the cases except one had complete resolution of symptoms after surgery. Table 1 lists characteristics of the different cases, including general information of the patients, time elapsed from surgery until symptoms appeared, level of cervical intervention, location of diverticulum, procedure performed, and outcome [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Esophageal perforation following ACDF has an incidence of 0.2–1.15%; some cases have been reported without a finding of fistula or diverticulum in which the diagnosis may have been made belatedly [16,17,18,19,20].

Table 1 Characteristics of cases reported with diverticulum as complication of cervical anterior fixation
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In our patient, cervical spondylitis developed due to fistulization at C6, allowing for contiguous spread of oral flora and infection toward the cervical spine and soft tissues. Chronic infection caused an immune complex disease, which resolved after removal of fixation plates and screws, surgical repair of the fistula and diverticulum, and prolonged antimicrobial therapy. The causative agent is part of the normal oral flora. Our hypothesis is that the esophageal diverticulum developed after the anterior cervical spine fixation performed in 2003, because the fixation plate’s position was too anterior (Fig. 3), pressing on the esophagus during deglutition, which caused erosion and fistula formation. This case shows multiple complications secondary to anterior cervical fixation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with fistulization to the cervical spine and secondary infectious spondylitis caused by pharyngoesophageal diverticulum secondary to ACDF.

Conclusions

This case exemplifies how new therapeutic strategies cause problems not previously described and that meticulous clinical evaluation and rational use of diagnostic workup are necessary to solve clinical issues. Persistent dysphagia following anterior cervical surgery should alert the clinician to the possibility of having different possible complications and is mandatory for a complete diagnostic approach to rule out this possibility.