To the Editor:

The novel infection caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 determining COVID-19 disease causes alterations mainly in the respiratory system. Many reports have postulated a procoagulant state accompanying the respiratory distress with thrombosis at both venous and arterial levels [1]. The procoagulant pattern is characterized by hyperfibrinogenemia and elevated d-dimer levels, with mild thrombocytopenia and a moderately prolonged prothrombin time [2]. Although d-dimers are not specific indicators of clot formation, in combination with the other parameters, its elevation may suggest a systemic coagulation activation with an increase of thrombin generation and fibrinolysis.

A complex physiopathology has been proposed trying to explain this profile. Coming from the thromboinflammation concept, thrombin generation appears to be the key determinant of the thromboinflammatory response extent. The damaged endothelium, many blood cellular elements, and other activated hemostatic components are involved in this prothrombotic picture [3]. Microvascular thrombi impair the blood flow all over the body, with a vascular shunt due to capillary obstruction. This determines hypoxia and tissue dysfunction at several organs, being the lung the more affected one.

Many reports have highlighted the consequences of the pro-coagulant state, but evidence on how to prevent or even treat it is scarce. Prophylactic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are recommended in most medical patients admitted to the hospital. Nevertheless, COVID-19 patients are probably out of these recommendations, and a new paradigm for the consideration of doses of LMWH could be open. Recent studies suggest the beneficial effect of the anticoagulation in severely ill COVID-19 patients, with an important reduction in mortality [4], opening the door to a new proposal increasing the dose of LMWH in this scenario (Fig. 1). Although the potential benefits of an increase of anticoagulation dose must be weighed and individualized, thromboprophylaxis management should consider the next proposals [5]:

  1. 1.-

    All COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital must be assessed on their thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk.

  2. 2.-

    Unless contraindicated, LMWH at prophylactic dose must be administered.

  3. 3.-

    When the pro-coagulant profile is confirmed, an extended or intermediate dose of LMWH should be considered, mainly in patients admitted to an ICU.

  4. 4.-

    In the case of severe disease progression, with maintained high pro-coagulant parameters or high VTE suspicion, mainly if a certain diagnosis is not possible, the increase of the LMWH dose up to therapeutic one should be considered.

  5. 5.-

    Therapeutic anticoagulation with LMWH should be the standard treatment when the diagnosis of any thrombotic event is confirmed.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Summary proposal diagram for the management of thromboprophylaxis in critically ill COVID-19 patients

Full size image