Whether the GFR measured by renal scintigraphy under non-steady state conditions for critically ill patients with AKI can be used as a predictive parameter for clinical events
Dear Editor:
We read with great attention and interest the paper by Katulka et al. about the current evidence for clinical and biochemical parameters for predicting successful discontinuation of RRT [1]. We would like to add some comments in regard to their conclusion that multiple studies reported on the same parameter (urine output, diuretic test, CrCl, cystatin C, NGAL, eGFR, KeGFR), but an optimal threshold value was not determined due also to heterogeneity.
For GFR measurement, we believe that based on the principle of radionuclide-based techniques and its advantages of repeatability of results, the heterogeneity of those above results may be avoided. 99mTc-DTPA has become a standard GFR tracer, the hierarchy of 99mTc-DTPA renal imaging is considered to be the silver standard among all used approaches for detecting GFR [2], including Gates method, modified Gates method, and plasma sample clearance method. Especially for GFR measurement in AKI patients, the result of renal scintigraphy may be more reliable than other existing technologies and is not affected by plasma creatinine changing rapidly, fluid loading in ICU, and receiving CRRT.
To analyze kidney function in the acute setting, recently, our team completed a special renal scintigraphy for a critically ill patient with the only venous access site-PICC. A renal scintigraphy of 99mTc-DTPA was performed for this critical patient with AKI and artificially assisted ventilation. The normalized GFR was 36.5 mL/min (Fig. 1).
In the absence of broad guidelines [3], our team proposed the following procedure/practice for renal scintigraphy by PICC/CVC. After intravenous hydration with 300–500 mL of fluid (dextrose; 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride) 30 min, the patency of the catheter in the PICC/CVC system is checked by 10 mL saline solution in a 10-mL syringe. Then, a bolus injection of radiopharmaceutical via PICC or CVC is done, immediately following and flushing with 10–20 mL normal saline or heparin (100 U) sodium solution using the “push-pause” technique for the lock of the system depositing with positive pressure [4], while a standard 20/30-min dynamic renal scintigraphy is performed.
Although renal scintigraphy is rarely used clinically for critically ill patients with AKI, partly because of a lack of understanding of the technology, it can actually provide unique kidneys’ function parameters, split renal function, and GFRs. The GFRs measured by renal scintigraphy alone or with other static and dynamic clinical variables may have a predictive value for stratification and clinical events in critically ill patients.
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Abbreviations
- GFR:
-
Glomerular filtration rate
- AKI:
-
Acute kidney injury
- RRT:
-
Renal replacement therapy
- CrCl:
-
Creatinine clearance
- NGAL:
-
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
- eGFR:
-
Estimated GFR
- KeGFR:
-
Kinetic eGFR
- DTPA:
-
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- ICU:
-
Intensive care unit
- CRRT:
-
Continuous renal replacement therapy
- PICC:
-
Peripherally inserted central catheters
- CVC:
-
Central venous catheters
References
Katulka RJ, Al Saadon A, Sebastianski M, et al. Determining the optimal time for liberation from renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (DOnE RRT). Crit Care. 2020;24:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2751-8.
Lamb EJ, Stevens PE. Estimating and measuring glomerular filtration rate: methods of measurement and markers for estimation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(3):258–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000444813.72626.88.
Blaufox MD, De Palma D, Taylor A, et al. The SNMMI and EANM practice guideline for renal scintigraphy in adults. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45(12):2218–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4129-6.
Expert Panel on Interventional Radiology, Shaw CM, Shah S, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) radiologic management of central venous access. J Am CollRadiol. 2017;4(11S):S506–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.08.053.
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GW, Zhu contributed to the designing, drafting, and reviewing the paper. Z, Gao contributed equally with GW, Zhu; H, Liu and Abdoul Rachid participated in the data analysis. All authors approved the final manuscript.
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Zhu, Gw., Gao, Z., Rachid, A. et al. Whether the GFR measured by renal scintigraphy under non-steady state conditions for critically ill patients with AKI can be used as a predictive parameter for clinical events. Crit Care 24, 159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02850-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02850-5