The dilemma
On the occasion of recently published errata in Head & Face Medicine [1–3], the question arose how to deal with errors in a published article. Making, discovering and correcting errors is a normal process in science and is often referred to as a self-correcting process. Fortunately the number of errata in Head & Face Medicine is very low [1–5] and so does not pose a risk in making clinical decisions.
Finding an error in a scientific publication is one thing, correcting it is a totally different world. "Science journals have the luxury of time" [6]. This quote highlights the advantage of having enough time to carefully review and correct an article prior to publication. It also draws attention to the disadvantage that making changes to an article once published is quite difficult. Publications contaminated by errors coexist with their healthy counterparts in different databases, and in the worst case scenario, can multiply in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The mass production of such summarizing data collections contributes significantly to the dissemination and survival of false data. Garmenia and coworkers [7] found that 46% of all re-assessed meta-analyses would result in a change in the initial findings if studies with falsified data were to be excluded. The authors concluded that "Falsified data can affect not only the original publication, but also any subsequent meta-analyses and any resulting clinical or policy changes resulting from the findings of these studies." [7].
The letter to the editor
What options are there for corrective intervention? Ethical scientists have a range of possibilities (Table 1). But, what about dealing with suspected misconduct? Is "Letters to the Editor" still an effective mean for correcting or retracting a false study? Probably not, as some illustrative examples have shown [8–10]. It is not recommended to contact editors and/or authors for potentially problematic work [10]. Oransky and Marcus explained that "Contacting authors before anyone else knows about potential issues in their work, only serves to give unethical scientists time to hide their tracks – and let’s face it, those who are actually guilty of misconduct probably don’t have any scruples about covering up the evidence of that misconduct." and "While we’d like to be able to say that we find all journal editors responsive to allegations, there are still too many who rebuff efforts to correct the literature, [10].
Community guidelines
The scientific community provides some guidelines for dealing with potential problems in scientific work and it is possible to identify a number of different groups who may act: a) editors, b) authors, c) readers, d) institutions, and e) funders (Table 1). According to the glossary of retractions [11] editors have the greatest number of options in resolving potential issues. In the case of honest mistakes the principal aim should be to correct the work without harming the authors’ reputation. Authors themselves have the opportunity of correcting, partially retracting or withdrawing their work with a detailed explanation regarding the reasons. The only reasonable course of action in the case of evident misconduct is retraction without the authors’ permission. This can only be carried out by editors or institutions in which the work has been investigated.
Retraction reasons
The reasons for retraction are different and have developed over time. For example, plagiarism is a more recent kind of offence [14]. Scientific misconduct is not limited to data fabrication: diverse forms of misconduct may lead to retraction. The Retraction Watch Database (http://retractiondatabase.org) provides several reasons for retraction. Carrying out a search under subjects "Medicine – Dentistry" and "Medicine – General" revealed 25 different decisions for retraction. Some of these overlap so that overall 15 reasons result (Fig. 1). Plagiarism is one of the most frequently occurring types of misconduct. Surprisingly, it occurs more frequently in dentistry than in medicine. The introduction of plagiarism-detection software may be the reason for its higher occurrence in both disciplines. Concern about methods and results, including data fabrication, is the second most frequent fraud. The third most frequent basis for retractions is authorship disputes.
Decisions for retraction obtained from the Retraction Watch Database (http://retractiondatabase.org) for the subjects "Medicine – Dentistry" (n = 181 articles) and "Medicine – General" (n = 212 articles). Percentages of occurrence are shown
Editors’ options
It is indisputable that fabrication or falsifying data is the most dangerous fraud in medical science. It is essential that this category of misconduct must be countered resolutely at all levels. Until now there have been many recommendations and guidelines requiring editors and journals to respond appropriately to fraud [12, 13]. The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides several flowcharts on how to correspond and with whom in alleging misconduct [12]. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has made aware the lack of value of a letter to the editor in some circumstances by stating "Expressions of concern and retractions should not simply be a letter to the editor." [13]. ICJME highlights the importance of proper indexing: "Rather, they should be prominently labelled, appear on an electronic or numbered print page that is included in an electronic or a print Table of Contents to ensure proper indexing, and include in their heading the title of the original article." [13].
These rules apply exclusively to editors and journals. In terms of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, not only editors and journals but every physician is ethically obliged to correct errors and combat fraud. But what if editors and journals are reluctant to respond to allegations? What can the individual do?
What individuals can do
Social media is one tool for raising concerns about published work. Such allegations are already dealt with in the guidelines for editors [12]. Depending on the platform and reach, this can attract more attention than a letter to the editor which, indeed, may even never be published. Post-publication peer review (PPPR) on specially dedicated websites and blogs is a further process that is faster than traditional forms of evaluation. PPPR shifts discussions into the public domain online where discussions can be rapidly disseminated through and by any interested individual [15]. The effectiveness of platforms such as PubPeer (http://www.pubpeer.com) depends on the online skills of individual journal editors, whose attention is to be aroused. A good overview of PPPR platforms can be found in a paper by Paul Knoepfler [15].
Another option is to submit a response article that disproves the results of the paper being suspected of fraud. However, as is the case with letters to editors an increased risk remains that the disproving article may not be published. Knoepfler [15] describes a case of retraction where a rebuttal article was rejected but later published elsewhere.
Possibilities available for the scientific community to intervene in the process of correction are few. As already mentioned, there is a particular dilemma when false data are aggregated to new knowledge into a meta-analyses, because its existence will continue, even if included studies have been withdrawn. One solution might be a new, updated meta-analysis, if the withdrawal of studies has an impact on the initial findings. Moreover, in accordance with the ICMJE recommendations for proper indexing, the original title and keywords should be enclosed in the update.
The rebuttal article
In order to avoid the slow and sometimes ineffective paths via journal mechanisms, intervention could take place directly during the search through a literature database. Once a study has been identified for meta-analysis, a written concern (if any) regarding the study should also appear in the search results. This can be achieved by publishing a rebuttal article or a critical assessment with nearly the same title and key words, to ensure equal indexing in electronic databases. Examples in this direction have been provided by The Journal of the American Dental Association’s JADA + Clinical Scans (JADA.ADA.org /ClinicalScans). This section aims to provide a scientific- and evidence-based assessment of research. The terms "Insufficient evidence..." [16], "No trustworthy evidence..." [17], "Serious limitations..." [18] and many more warnings were used with the original title of the work under consideration. Such assessments, that appear in searches of medical databases, may help physicians in selecting the appropriate study for research and for the treatment of patients.
Conclusion
To support the self-correcting process of science Head & Face Medicine is open to constructive criticism. The journal editors welcome any critical debate about their published papers if it is scientifically sound and formulated in an ethical and objective manner.
Availability of data and materials
Upon request to the author.
References
Krause M, Dörfler HM, Kruber D, Hümpfner-Hierl H, Hierl T. Correction to: Template-based temporomandibular joint puncturing and access in minimally invasive TMJ surgery (MITMJS) - a technical note and first clinical results,. Head Face Med. 2019; 15(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-019-0197-5.
Chhatwani S, Rose-Zierau V, Haddad B, Almuzian M, Kirschneck C, Danesh G. Correction to: Three-dimensional quantitative assessment of palatal bone height for insertion of orthodontic implants - a retrospective CBCT study,. Head Face Med. 2019; 15(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-019-0198-4.
Stamm T, Triller I, Hohoff A, Blanck-Lubarsch M. Correction to: The tablet computer’s impact on learning and National Dental Examination scores in orthodontics - a mixed-method research,. Head Face Med. 2019; 15(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-019-0199-3.
Hanken H, Kraatz J, Smeets R, Heiland M, Assaf AT, Blessmann M, Eichhorn W, Clauditz TS, Gröbe A, Kolk A, Rana M. Erratum to: The detection of oral pre- malignant lesions with an autofluorescence based imaging system (VELscopeTM) – a single blinded clinical evaluation. Head Face Med. 2013; 9(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-9-26.
Mohammadi S, Mohseni M, Eslami M. Erratum to: Use of porous high-density polyethylene grafts in open rhinoplasty: no infectious complication seen in spreader and dorsal grafts. Head Face Med. 2015; 11(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-015-0083-8.
Oransky I, Marcus A. Why write a blog about retractions?. http://retractionwatch.com/2010/08/03/why-write-a-blog-about-retractions/. Accessed Aug 2019.
Garmendia CA, Nassar Gorra L, Rodriguez AL, Trepka MJ, Veledar E, Madhivanan P. Evaluation of the Inclusion of Studies Identified by the FDA as Having Falsified Data in the Results of Meta-analyses: The Example of the Apixaban Trials,. JAMA Intern Med. 2019; 179(4):582–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7661.
Laws K. Science is ‘Other-Correcting’. http://keithsneuroblog.blogspot.com/2016/01/science-is-other-correcting.html. Accessed Aug 2019.
Macbeth FR. A tale of woe. BMJ. 2010; 341(sep22 2):5147. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c5147.
McCook A. A retraction watch retraction: Our 2013 advice on reporting misconduct turns out to have been wrong. http://retractionwatch.com/2015/11/30. Accessed Aug 2019.
Gawrylewski A. Glossary of retractions. 2007. https://www.the-scientist.com/uncategorized/glossary-of-retractions-46720. Accessed Aug 2019.
COPE. Committee on Publication Ethics. https://publicationethics.org. Accessed 20 Sept 2008.
ICMJE. International committee of medical journal editors. http://www.icmje.org. Accessed Aug 2019.
Steen R. G., Casadevall A., Fang F. C.Why Has the Number of Scientific Retractions Increased?. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(7):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068397.
Knoepfler P. Reviewing post-publication peer review. Trends Genet. 2015; 31(5):221–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.006.
Brignardello-Petersen R. Insufficient evidence available to reliably conclude how orthodontic treatment with lingual fixed appliances compares with orthodontic treatment with labial fixed appliances. J Am Dent Assoc 1939. 2018; 149(5):81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.12.025.
Brignardello-Petersen R. No trustworthy evidence about the effectiveness of laser therapy or ibuprofen to minimize pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances owing to major limitations in the process to conduct a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 1939. 2017; 148(11):175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.08.017.
Brignardello-Petersen R. Serious limitations in a systematic review about the effects of placing posts in endodontically treated teeth result in evidence that is not useful in making decisions,. J Am Dent Assoc 1939. 2018; 149(6):96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2018.01.027.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Norman Wahl for the language correction.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Authors’ contributions
TS drafted the manuscript, approved the final version and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
Prof. Dr. med. dent. Thomas Stamm, senior lecturer at the University of Münster, Germany.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The author declare that he has no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Stamm, T. From honest mistakes to fake news – approaches to correcting the scientific literature. Head Face Med 16, 6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-020-00220-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-020-00220-8