Introduction

In the Netherlands, AF patients on vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy are routinely managed by specialized anticoagulation clinics. Back in 2012, a report from the health council of the Netherlands endorsed the careful introduction of NOACs, given the lack of real-world data, absence of specific antidotes, and a substantial risk of non-compliance due to a lack of monitoring [1]. These factors resulted in a slower uptake of a NOAC-based approach in comparison to other countries [2]. However, based on a decision-related Markov model, it was recently calculated that an increase in NOAC prescription in the Netherlands would result in higher quality of life [3, 4]. Moreover, given the increasing real-world data on NOACs versus VKAs, uncertainties about the safety of these drugs have diminished. It is therefore important to monitor anticoagulation prescription trends for AF in the Netherlands, which are currently unknown. This will give insights in how to further improve our AF care.

Moreover, insight in adherence to AF-guidelines could also help to improve AF care. In the Netherlands, it is estimated that the prevalence of AF is around 2.0% in 2020, expected to increase to 3.2% by 2050 [5]. In parallel, in subjects with AF the ischemic stroke rate will rise, primarily due to ageing and an increase in patients with multiple morbidities [5,6,7]. This increases health-care related costs and reduces quality of life. To minimise these aspects, it is important that AF guidelines are adhered to, as non-adherence is associated with increased ischemic stroke and mortality rates [8, 9].

This report expands on previously published Dutch GARFIELD-AF data, and demonstrates changes in antithrombotic treatment initiation in newly diagnosed AF in the Netherlands [2]. We compare the results with the global GARFIELD-AF cohort, and with recommendations of the most recent European AF-guidelines [10].

Methods

Design

GARFIELD-AF was a multicentre, prospective registry of patients with recent onset non-valvular AF from over a 1000 centres in 35 countries worldwide. Globally, the recruitment of patients started in December 2009 and was completed in August 2016. In the Netherlands, patients were included as of November 2010. Patients were enrolled in five independent, consecutive cohorts 1) 2009–2011, 2) 2011–2012, 3) 2013–2014, 4) 2014–2015, and 5) 2015–2016. Data used was from the October 2017 dataset.

Population

Patients diagnosed with ‘non-valvular’ AF within the previous 6 weeks, aged ≥18 years, and with at least one investigator-determined risk factor for stroke were considered eligible for inclusion. Patients were excluded if; 1) follow-up with a physician was considered unlikely or impossible, 2) there was a potentially reversible, transient cause for AF, or 3) they were enrolled in a controlled clinical trial. For each country, a sufficient number of investigator sites from different care settings were identified.

Data collection

All data were made anonymous and were imported to a secured, electronic case report form (eCRF), which was designed by Dendrite Clinical Systems Ltd. (Henley-on-Thames, UK). Oversight of operations and data management were done by the Thrombosis Research Institute [TRI] (London, UK), which is the sponsor and coordinating centre. A detailed description of the methods can be found elsewhere [11]. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (unique identifier: NCT01090362).

At inclusion, patient characteristics such as demographics, medical history, vital signs, and type and dose of antithrombotic therapy were recorded. Amongst others, the components of the CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk and HAS-BLED bleeding risk scores were collected [12, 13]. Vascular disease was defined as the combination of a history of acute coronary syndrome with peripheral and/or coronary artery disease. Chronic kidney disease was defined according to the National Kidney Foundation guidelines [14].

Analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as means with standard deviation, and categorical variables as frequencies with percentages. Data from patients with missing values were not removed from the analyses. Follow-up data was not analysed due to a lack of power. Similarly, no p-values were calculated. Data analysis was performed with SAS Enterprise Guide, version 7.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Results

Population

In the Netherlands, 1189 out of 52,014 patients (2.3%) were enrolled across 16 sites. Across the different Dutch cohorts were 199 (1; 2009–2011), 410 (2; 2011–2012), 357 (3; 2013–2014), 155 (4; 2014–2015), and 161 (5; 2015–2016) AF patients enrolled. In the Netherlands and worldwide, the mean age was 70.7 and 69.7 years, respectively, and 42.4% compared to 44.2% of patients were female. At baseline, hypertension (65.5%), hypercholesterolemia (36.0%), diabetes mellitus (20.0%), and coronary artery disease (18.7%) were the most common comorbidities in the Dutch cohorts. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc (3.1 vs. 3.2) and HAS-BLED (1.4 vs. 1.4) scores were comparable between the Dutch and overall cohort, respectively. Compared to the worldwide cohort, more patients were enrolled in cardiology departments (90.2% vs. 65.7%) in the Dutch subset. Further baseline characteristics are described in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Dutch and all included patients
Full size table

Changes in antithrombotic therapy

Of all 35 participating countries, the percentage of patients on oral anticoagulation at AF diagnosis was on average highest in the Netherlands (89.9%). A comparison of anticoagulation treatments (with or without concomitant antiplatelet therapy) between the five different cohorts, demonstrates a rise in the prescription of NOACs from 0.0 to 60.9% over the years (Fig. 1). Conversely, a decrease in VKA prescription from 88.9 to 34.8% was observed. The proportion of patients on antiplatelet monotherapy decreased from 6.1 to 2.5%. The proportion of patients not treated with antithrombotics reduced from 5.1 to 1.9%. In the most recent cohort, the proportion of patients on antiplatelet drug therapy (2.5%) or no antithrombotic therapy (1.9%) were both the lowest of all participating countries.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Treatment at diagnosis by cohort (VKA Vitamin K Antagonist, AP Antiplatelet Drug, FXa Factor Xa inhibitor, DTI Direct Thrombin Inhibitor)

Full size image

Guideline adherence and reasons of not prescribing anticoagulation

Within the Dutch cohorts, 79.4% of patients had a class I recommendation for anticoagulation for stroke prevention in AF (i.e. males CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2, and females CHA2DS2-VASc ≥3), according to ESC guidelines [10]. Of these patients, 92.5% were treated with oral anticoagulants, 4.8% with antiplatelet monotherapy, and 2.7% with no antithrombotic therapy (Fig. 2). In patients with a class IIa recommendation for stroke prevention in AF (i.e. males CHA2DS2-VASc = 1, and females CHA2DS2-VASc = 2; 16.6% of patients), 82.6% of patients were treated with oral anticoagulants, 6.0% with antiplatelet monotherapy, and 11.4% with no antithrombotic therapy. In patients with no increased stroke risk according to the CHA2DS2-VASc score (i.e. males CHA2DS2-VASc = 0, and females CHA2DS2-VASc = 1; 4.0% of patients), 66.7% were treated with oral anticoagulants, 4.4% with antiplatelet monotherapy, and 28.9% with no antithrombotic therapy.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Treatment at diagnosis by Class of Recommendation according to the 2016 ESC AF-guidelines (VKA Vitamin K Antagonist, AP Antiplatelet Drug, FXa Factor Xa inhibitor, DTI Direct Thrombin Inhibitor)

Full size image

Unfortunately, in the Netherlands and worldwide, reasons for not prescribing anticoagulants in males with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2, and females with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥3 were often recorded as ‘unknown’ (28.8% versus 39.4%) or ‘other’ (40.9 versus 22.4%). Excluding these options, the most frequently reported reasons in the Netherlands were ‘low stroke risk’ (12.1%) and ‘bleeding risk’ (7.6%) (Table 2). In the worldwide cohort, excluding Dutch patients, the main reasons for not prescribing anticoagulants were ‘patient refusal’ (7.8%), ‘bleeding risk’ (7.2%), ‘low risk of stroke’ (5.8%) and ‘already taking antiplatelet drugs for other medical condition’ (5.4%).

Table 2 Main reasons anticoagulant not used in males with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2, and females with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥3
Full size table

Discussion

GARFIELD-AF was the largest, worldwide, prospective registry of newly diagnosed AF patients. In the Netherlands, 1189 patients were enrolled, making it the largest Dutch AF-cohort available to date. This manuscript provides a unique insight in the rapid changes in anticoagulation management of novel AF, which had not been described since the introduction of the NOACs in the Netherlands. The comparison between NOAC uptake rates in the Netherlands vs other countries is important, as this could have influenced the quality of Dutch AF care. Future studies will have to analyze how these differences have impacted the safety and efficacy of AF care. Moreover, this is the first report describing nationwide adherence to AF-guidelines in the Netherlands and explores reasons for withholding oral anticoagulation in AF, which gives insight in how to further improve our AF care. Also, this country-specific evaluation may also be of help in improving care when comparisons are made with anticoagulant management in other countries.

In the Netherlands, there was initially a slow shift to more NOAC prescription, compared to the rest of the world. However, as of 2014–2015, the anticoagulation landscape has changed rapidly, resulting in more newly diagnosed AF patients treated with NOACs than VKA as of 2016. Our findings were comparable to a recent analysis of anticoagulant pharmaceutical dispensing data of naïve oral anticoagulation starters for any indication in the Netherlands [15]. A possible explanation for this initial slow shift could be that there is a well-organized system of specialized anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands. In these clinics, the monitoring of compliance and complications of VKA treatment through regularly scheduled follow-up checks is aimed at minimising risks accompanying VKA treatment. Although NOACs have been repeatedly shown to be at least as effective and safe as VKAs in both randomized controlled trials and real-world data, a lack of monitoring could have contributed to a hesitation to shift to a more NOAC based approach. This is not unreasonable, as without a regular check of factors such as renal function, weight or age, patients are often (± 10% in two recent Dutch AF-studies), treated with a too high or too low NOAC dose [16, 17]. Moreover, early discontinuation of (N)OAC treatment can be as high as 50% at 6 months in certain patient groups [18, 19]. Frequently mentioned reasons for early discontinuation are (minor) bleeding, other anticoagulant-related side-effects, and a lack of the perceived need for anticoagulation [20, 21]. Therefore, international guidelines recommend structured follow up of patients on NOACs (ESC) including assessment of adherence to medication, complications, interactions and regular (at least annual, but more often on indication) check on renal and liver functions [22]. For the Netherlands, much of this burden will come down on the shoulders of prescribers (mainly cardiologists) and for the long term on general practitioners. It is imperative that, based on national guidance documents such as the “Landelijke Standaard Ketenzorg Antistolling” (LSKA) 2.0 and the updated “Landelijke Transmurale Afspraak antistolling” (manuscript in preparation), the chronic care for patients on NOACs becomes well organized [23].

In GARFIELD-AF, the Netherlands had the highest proportion of patients on oral anticoagulation at diagnosis (89.9%). In the most recent cohort, Dutch patients had the lowest proportions of antiplatelet monotherapy (2.5%) or no antithrombotic therapy (1.9%). For patients with a class I recommendation for anticoagulation, 7.5% of patients were undertreated according to the ESC guidelines [10]. Compared to the worldwide cohort (30.0%), this proportion is relatively low. In patients with a class III recommendation for anticoagulation (i.e. CHA2DS2-VASc 0 in males, CHA2DS2-VASc 1 in females), the proportion of patients on anticoagulation is high (66.6%) [10]. Although there is no chronic indication for anticoagulation in these patients, the guideline recommends at least 3 weeks of pre-treatment with oral anticoagulation in late cardioversions [10]. The ACWAS trial showed that in patients with recent-onset (< 36 h) AF, a delayed cardioversion strategy led to spontaneous conversion within 48 h in 69% of patients [24]. In a post-hoc analysis of the ACUTE trial, nearly 50% of patients with pre-existing AF of ≤1 week had a spontaneous cardioversion [25]. It is likely that patients with recent-onset, newly diagnosed AF without risk factors for stroke are often ‘overtreated’ with anticoagulation, given the high rate of spontaneous conversion. It is therefore worth researching if there are possibilities to safely limit the prescription of anticoagulants in these patients.

Although the proportion of undertreated patients in the Netherlands was relatively low, there is still room for improvement. In GARFIELD-AF, main reasons for not prescribing anticoagulants in patients with a class I recommendation for anticoagulation for stroke prevention in AF were often not clear. In patients with a clear recorded reason for withholding anticoagulation, a ‘low risk of stroke’ (12.1%) and ‘bleeding risk’ (7.6%) were the most common reasons in the Dutch cohort. Depicting patients with 2 or more non-sex related stroke risk factors as having a ‘low risk of stroke’ is contradictory, and the precise reasoning behind it is unknown. It would be valuable to gather more information on reasons for withholding anticoagulation, and to evaluate if withholding anticoagulation in these groups is a safe approach.

This study has several limitations. As described before, the high proportion of patients included in Dutch cardiology departments limits the external validity of this study to nationwide clinical practice. Moreover, the number of patients was too low, and the mean follow-up was too short, to relate major adverse events to CHA2DS2-VASc scores or changes in anticoagulant treatment practices. Moreover, reasons for not prescribing anticoagulants were extracted from the medical records and were not confirmed by the prescribing physician, and a large proportion of reasons could not be recorded and were classified as ‘other’. Further research without these limitations is necessary. DUTCH-AF (Dutch trial register number: NL7464) is a largescale registration of newly diagnosed AF-patients in the Netherlands, which does not have these limitations and could provide further answers [26].

Conclusion

The data from the GARFIELD-AF registry shows the rapidly changing anticoagulation preference of Dutch physicians in newly diagnosed AF. Adherence to European AF guidelines in terms of anticoagulant regimen would appear to be appropriate. In absence of structured follow up of AF patients on NOAC, the impact of these rapid practice changes in anticoagulation prescription in the Netherlands and in relation to other countries remains to be established.