We read with interest the article by Fogarty et al. debating the role of adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy (AWBRT) after surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases [1]. They propose that withholding AWBRT ‘may not be in the best interests of patients, nor of health systems’ and that the American Society of Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) should retract its recommendation to discourage the routine use of AWBRT in this setting [2].

The management of any patient with incurable disease should focus on maximising quality and quantity of survival. Local therapy without AWBRT is now a standard treatment for patients with limited number of brain metastases and a more favourable prognosis. This recommendation is endorsed by multiple expert panels including ASTRO, National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN) and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) [3,4,5]. Nearly three decades of randomised studies have consistently shown that the omission of AWBRT after surgery or SRS is not associated with inferior survival or functional independence [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Although AWBRT improves radiological measures of intracranial disease control, this is of uncertain clinical benefit because most patients die from extracranial disease and AWBRT adversely affects quality of life (QoL) and neurocognitive function (NCF) [8, 11, 12]. Despite an increased need for radiological surveillance and salvage therapy at recurrence, a number of North American studies have concluded that SRS alone provides cost-effective care compared to SRS with AWBRT [13,14,15].

Many patients will experience acute side effects during or shortly after AWBRT including dermatitis, alopecia and fatigue. Neurotoxicity is traditionally said to be a late effect only observed in a minority of long-term survivors. However this is inaccurate because deficits in NCF can occur within 3–6 months from treatment [8, 11, 16,17,18]. NCF is important because it can predict QoL [19], functional independence and survival [16, 20]. Declining NCF increases caregiver burden [21] and impairs financial, work and social activities [22, 23]. Although NCF was not assessed in the largest randomised study of AWBRT ever performed, patient-reported cognitive function was analysed [9, 12]. In 341 patients randomised to observation or AWBRT after SRS or surgery to 1–3 brain metastases, AWBRT was associated with significantly lower mean test scores at 8 weeks and 12 months. AWBRT also resulted in inferior health-related QoL relating to fatigue, physical functioning and role functioning at various time points. The Alliance randomised study presented at American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2015 mentioned by Fogarty et al. has now been published [11]. This trial is noteworthy because the primary endpoint was NCF at 3 months. Out of 213 participants with 1–3 brain metastases, deterioration in at least one NCF test was noted in 64% of patients receiving SRS and 92% receiving SRS with AWBRT. Statistically significant deteriorations were seen in immediate memory (8% versus 30%), delayed memory (20% versus 51%) and verbal fluency (2% versus 19%). Overall QoL (mean change from baseline −0.1 versus −12 points) and functional well-being (2.5 versus −22.3 points) were also superior at 3 months for SRS alone. Such differences persisted in the subset of 34 evaluable patients (16%) surviving at least 12 months from randomisation and reached statistical significance at various time points. These findings are consistent with a similar but smaller study by Chang et al. [8], which was potentially confounded by an unexpected imbalance in median survival between the two arms. Therefore, although AWBRT reduces the rate of intracranial failure, overall its deleterious effects on NCF are greater in the majority of patients than the deleterious effects of recurrence itself. Data to suggest that this treatment-related effect should vary according to histology of the primary malignancy is lacking.

Fogarty et al. state that AWBRT avoids a neurologic death. This was shown in two randomised studies [6, 9] but not confirmed in the others [7, 8]. In the meta-analysis by Sahgal et al., the risk of neurologic death with AWBRT was reduced from 30% to 25% [24]. Given the potential toxicities described, whether AWBRT is justified in up to 20 patients to prevent one additional neurologic death is uncertain. For many clinicians, this uncertainty has grown with the emergence of increasingly effective systemic therapies exhibiting potential intracranial activity. Consistent with this change, a more contemporary multi-institutional prospective series of 1194 select patients with up to 10 brain metastases treated with Gamma Knife SRS without AWBRT reported a neurologic death rate of only 8% [25].

We applaud the investigators of the ANZMTG 01.07 WBRTMel trial for their dogged determination to complete accrual. The trial hypothesis is that the addition of AWBRT will improve intracranial control and survival without significant impairment of QoL or NCF. The primary endpoint is distant intracranial control at 12 months and the protocol has been amended to permit AWBRT with hippocampal avoidance. Although Fogarty et al. believe that the ASTRO recommendation is negatively impacting on accrual to this trial, it is possible other factors have also influenced the willingness of patients and physicians to recruit to this study. Whether clinical equipoise truly remains or not because melanoma-histology specific data is sparse, a major concern remains the clinical relevance of the trial primary endpoint which is a radiological measure of disease. Interpretability of the data may also be limited because stratification for systemic therapy utilisation is lacking. Since this trial was designed, a number of targeted and immunotherapy systemic agents have become widely available for metastatic melanoma. Many are known to have activity in the brain [26, 27] although potential effects on QoL, fatigue and NCF are not well described.

Various subgroup analyses and retrospective series might suggest subgroups of patients that could benefit from AWBRT, but reports are contradictory [28,29,30] and high quality data is lacking. The effects of AWBRT on intracranial disease control, QoL and NCF are now clearly defined in an unselected population. Whether AWBRT can be used to control microscopic or occult melanoma in the brain is a less relevant concern nowadays because systemic therapy can be used. The role of hippocampal sparing AWBRT is yet to be defined in any population and the ASTRO recommendation should not preclude the proper assessment of new technologies in appropriately selected patients. However, optimal sequencing of treatment modalities is now a more relevant area of investigation rather than the effect of SRS and/or AWBRT alone. In this context, mixed-histology trials without stratification are no longer appropriate and enrichment for certain molecular subtypes are required. Multicentre efforts will be needed to permit statistically sound results within a reasonable time frame, thus providing data that remains useful and relevant to patients and their doctors.

In reply to Pinkham et al.

  • Gerald B. Fogarty,
  • Angela Hong,
  • Vinai Gondi,
  • Bryan Burmeister,
  • Kari Jacobsen,
  • Serigne Lo,
  • Elizabeth Paton,
  • Brindha Shivalingam &
  • John F. Thompson 

  1. Melanoma Institute Australia, Poche Centre, North Sydney, Australia

    Gerald B. Fogarty, Angela Hong, Serigne Lo & John F. Thompson

  2. Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Gerald B. Fogarty, Angela Hong, Serigne Lo, Elizabeth Paton & John F. Thompson

  3. Australia and New Zealand Melanoma Trials Group (ANZMTG), North Sydney, Australia

    Gerald B. Fogarty, Angela Hong, Bryan Burmeister, Serigne Lo, Elizabeth Paton & John F. Thompson

  4. Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG), Newcastle, Australia

    Gerald B. Fogarty & Bryan Burmeister

  5. Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia

    Bryan Burmeister

  6. Oslo University Hospital HF, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Kari Jacobsen

  7. Central Dupage Hospital Cancer Center, Warrenville, Illinois, USA

    Vinai Gondi

  8. University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Vinai Gondi

  9. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia

    Brindha Shivalingam

  10. St Vincent’s Hospital Radiation Oncology Dept, St Vincent’s Clinic, Suite 708, 438 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Gerald B. Fogarty

We thank Pinkham et al. for their reply to our article [1]. In many areas we are in agreement. For example, we agree that adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy (AWBRT) without hippocampal sparing administered to patients with brain metastases can cause side effects including adverse effects on quality of life (QoL) and neurocognitive function (NCF). We also accept the evidence that most patients die from extracranial disease so that the impact of any radiotherapy (RT) to the brain should be measured in terms of palliative endpoints and not overall survival.

The thrust of our article, however, has been missed. To repeat it - even though 170,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (BMs) in the United States every year, and are therefore possible candidates for studies assessing the value of AWBRT, in three decades only 774 patients had been enrolled in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) before the publishing of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Item 5 of its “Choosing Wisely 2014” list. This recommended: “Don't routinely add adjuvant whole brain radiation therapy to SRS for limited brain metastases” [2].

Our experience has been that the ASTRO guideline has had a significant negative impact on accrual to the internationally accruing ANZMTG 01.07 WBRTMel trial [31]. This is an RCT investigating AWBRT following local treatment (surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery) in patients with one to three BMs from melanoma - one of the histologies that has consistently shown high rates of distant brain failure [28, 32, 33], and thus most likely to benefit from WBRT. This trial is the only single histology AWBRT trial so far attempted. To date WBRTMel has accrued 214 of a required 220 patients but recently accrual has diminished dramatically. Several aspects of this trial had already been reported prior to the publication of ASTRO guideline [31, 32]. Dr. Pinkham’s institution, from which 29 patients had been randomised to the WBRTMel trial, has not accrued a single patient since the guideline was published. The guideline should at least have added a caveat “except in the case of a clinical trial”.

There is an urgent need for more data, especially when a phase two trial investigating hippocampal-avoiding AWBRT (HAWBRT) showed significantly less NCF decline compared to historical controls [34]. We now need more randomised data to confirm the benefit of HAWBRT. It is important to note that hippocampal avoidance is allowed on WBRTMel and over 22 cases have had this form of treatment.

If the WBRTMel trial shows AWBRT in melanoma to be useless, then we will be amongst the first to recommend that it be abandoned. However, we contend that the procedure should only be abandoned only on the basis of adequate level one clinical trial evidence. We contend that the accumulation of more data is a wiser choice than abandoning AWBRT before conclusive RCT evidence is available, especially in melanoma.