Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to present the concept of general Mann and general Ishikawa type double-sequences iterations with errors to approximate fixed points. We prove that the general Mann type double-sequence iteration process with errors converges strongly to a coincidence point of two continuous pseudo-contractive mappings, each of which maps a bounded closed convex nonempty subset of a real Hilbert space into itself. Moreover, we discuss equivalence from the -stabilities point of view under certain restrictions between the general Mann type double-sequence iteration process with errors and the general Ishikawa iterations with errors. An application is also given to support our idea using compatible-type mappings.
MSC:47H10, 54H25.
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1 Introduction
In the last few decades investigations of fixed points by some iterative schemes have attracted many mathematicians. With the recent rapid developments in fixed point theory, there has been a renewed interest in iterative schemes. The properties of iterations between the type of sequences and kind of operators have not been completely studied and are now under discussion. The theory of operators has occupied a central place in modern research using iterative schemes because of its promise of enormous utility in fixed point theory and its applications. There are a number of papers that have studied fixed points by some iterative schemes (see [1]). It is rather interesting to note that the type of operators play a crucial role in investigations of fixed points.
The Mann iterative scheme was invented in 1953 (see [1–3]), and it is used to obtain convergence to a fixed point for many classes of mappings (see [4–16] and others). The idea of considering fixed point iteration procedures with errors comes from practical numerical computations. This topic of research plays an important role in the stability problem of fixed point iterations. In 1995, Liu [17] initiated a study of fixed point iterations with errors. Several authors have proved some fixed point theorems for Mann-type iterations with errors using several classes of mappings (see [18–28] and others).
Suppose that H is a real Hilbert space and A is a nonlinear mapping of H into itself. The map A is said to be accretive if , we have that
and it is said to be strongly accretive if is accretive, where is a constant and I denotes the identity operator on H.
The map A is said to be ϕ-strongly accretive if , exists a strictly increasing function with such that
and it is called uniformly accretive if there exists a strictly increasing function with such that .
Let denote the null space (set of zero) of A. If and (1) holds for all and , then A is said to be quasi-accretive. The notions of strongly, ϕ-strongly, uniformly quasi-accretive are similarly defined. A is said to be m-accretive if the operator is surjective. Closely related to the class of accretive maps is the class of pseudo-contractive maps.
A map is said to be pseudo-contractive if we have that
observe that T is pseudo-contractive if and only if is accretive.
A mapping is called Lipschitzian (or L-Lipschitzian) if there exists such that
In the sequel we use .
Definition 1.1 (see e.g. [24])
Let ℕ denote the set of all natural numbers, and let E be a normed linear space. By a double sequence in E we mean a function defined by .
The double sequence is said to converge strongly to if for a given , there exist integers such that , , we have that
If , , we have that
then the double sequence is said to be Cauchy. Furthermore, if for each fixed n, as and then as , so as .
In 2002, Moore [24] introduced the following theorem.
Theorem A Let C be a bounded closed convex nonempty subset of a (real) Hilbert space H, and let be a continuous pseudo-contractive map. Let be real sequences satisfying the following conditions:
-
(i)
(monotonically);
-
(ii)
, ;
-
(iii)
;
-
(iv)
.
For an arbitrary but fixed , and for each , define by
Then the double sequence generated from an arbitrary by
converges strongly to a fixed point of T in C.
The two most popular iteration procedures for obtaining fixed points of T, when the Banach principle fails, are doubly Mann iterations with errors [29] defined by
and doubly Ishikawa iterations with errors defined by
The sequences , satisfy
A reasonable conjecture is that the doubly Ishikawa iteration with error and the corresponding doubly Mann iteration with error are equivalent for all maps for which either method provides convergence to a fixed point.
In the present paper, we define the following iteration which will be called the general Mann iteration process with errors:
Using this general Mann iteration process, we give a strong convergence theorem in the double-sequence setting.
It should be remarked that in (4), if we put , where I denotes the identity mapping, then we obtain the Mann iteration process with errors (see [30]).
The general doubly Ishikawa iteration with error is defined by
The sequences , satisfy
It should be remarked that in (5) and (6), if we put , where I denotes the identity mapping, then we obtain the Ishikawa iteration process with errors (see [31, 32]).
2 A strong convergence theorem
In this section, it is proved that a general Mann-type double-sequence iteration process with error converges strongly to a coincidence point of the continuous pseudo-contractive mappings S and T both of them map C into C (where C is a bounded closed convex nonempty subset of a (real) Hilbert space). Now, we give the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1 Let C be a bounded closed convex nonempty subset of a (real) Hilbert space H, and let be continuous pseudo-contractive maps. Let be real sequences satisfying the following conditions:
-
(i)
(monotonically);
-
(ii)
, ;
-
(iii)
;
-
(iv)
.
For an arbitrary but fixed , and for each , define by
Then the double sequence generated from an arbitrary by
converges strongly to a coincidence point of S and .
Proof Clearly, and (see e.g. [33]), where the set of coincidence points of T is denoted by and the set of coincidence points of S is denoted by .
Now, we have
so that for all , is continuous and strongly pseudo-contractive. Also, C is invariant under for all k by convexity. Hence, has a unique fixed point , . It thus suffices to prove the following:
-
(1)
for each fixed , as ;
-
(2)
as ;
-
(3)
.
The first is known, but for completeness we give the details.
Now, let and , ∀k. Then
If we set
then from (5) we obtain
Observing that
we obtain as . So the first part is proved. Now, we have
which implies that
Then
hence is a coincidence point sequence for S and T. Also, assuming that is a coincidence point of S and T, then
Now, for all , we have
Then we obtain
Then
which implies that
Hence,
Thus is a Cauchy sequence, and hence there exists such that as . Therefore, the second part is proved. By continuity, as . But as . Hence, . This completes the proof. □
Corollary 2.1 Let C be a bounded closed convex nonempty subset of a Hilbert space H with . Let S, T, , , be as in Theorem 2.1 and define . Then maps C into itself and converges strongly to a coincidence point of S and T.
Proof The proof follows from Theorem 2.1 by setting . □
Corollary 2.2 In Theorem 2.1, let S, T be two nonexpansive self-mappings. Then the same conclusion is obtained.
Proof The proof of this corollary can be followed directly by observing that every nonexpansive mapping is a continuous pseudo-contraction. □
Remark 2.1 If we put in Theorem 2.1, we obtain the result of Moore in [24].
3 The equivalence between -stabilities
In this section, we give the concept of -stabilities, then we show that -stabilities of general doubly Mann and general doubly Ishikawa iterations are equivalent.
Let be the doubly general Ishikawa iteration with errors and be the general doubly Mann iteration with errors. Let be such that , and let , ; satisfy (7) and
We consider the following nonnegative sequences for all :
and
Let E be a normed space and T be a self-map of E. Let be a point of E, and assume that is an iteration procedure, involving T, which yields a sequence of points from E. Suppose that converges to a fixed point of T. Let be an arbitrary sequence in E, and set
Definition 3.1 If , then the iteration procedure is said to be T-stable with respect to T.
Remark 3.1 In practice, such a sequence could arise in the following way. Let be a point in E. Set . Let . Now . Because of rounding in the function T, a new value approximately equal to might be computed to yield , an approximation of . This computation is continued to obtain an approximate sequence of .
Definition 3.2 Let E be a normed space and .
-
(i)
If implies that , then the general Ishikawa iteration as defined in (5) and (6) is said to be -stable.
-
(ii)
If implies that , then the general Mann iteration process as defined in (4) is said to be -stable.
Remark 3.2 Let E be a normed space and . The following are equivalent:
-
(a)
for all , satisfying (7), the Ishikawa iteration is -stable,
-
(b)
for all , satisfying (7), ,
(13)
Remark 3.3 Let E be a normed space and . Then the following are equivalent:
(a1) for all satisfying (7), the general Mann iteration is -stable,
(a2) for all satisfying (7), ,
The next result states that these two methods of iterations with errors are equivalent from the -stability point of view under certain restrictions.
Theorem 3.1 Let E be a normed space and . Then the following are equivalent:
-
(I)
For all , satisfying (7), the general Ishikawa iteration process as defined by (5) and (6) is -stable.
-
(II)
For all , satisfying (7), the general Mann iteration process as defined in (4) is -stable.
Proof Let
Since the general Mann and general Ishikawa iterations converge and , Remarks 3.1 and 3.2 assure that (I) ⇔ (II) is equivalent to (b) ⇔ (a2). We shall prove that (b) ⇒ (a2).
In (b) and (13) set , we obtain
Condition (b) assures that
Thus, for satisfying
we have shown that
Conversely, we prove (a2) ⇒ (b). In (a2) and (14) set to obtain
Condition (a2) assures that
Thus, for satisfying
we have shown that
This completes the proof of the theorem. □
Corollary 3.1 Let E be a normed space and . Then the following are equivalent:
-
(i)
For all , satisfying (7), the Ishikawa iteration process defined by
is T-stable.
-
(ii)
For all , satisfying (7), the Mann iteration process defined by
(17)is T-stable.
Proof The proof of this result can be obtained directly by setting in Theorem 3.1, where I denotes the identity mapping. □
4 Application
In this section, we investigate the solvability of certain nonlinear functional equations in a Banach space X by the help of compatible mappings of type (B) in the double-sequence setting.
The concept of compatible mappings of type (B) was introduced by Pathak and Khan (see [34]).
Definition 4.1 (see [34] and [29])
Let S and T be mappings from a normed space E into itself. The mappings S and T are said to be compatible mappings of type (B) if
and
whenever is a sequence in E such that for some .
Now, we extend the above definition to double-sequence setting as follows.
Definition 4.2 Let S and T be mappings from a normed space E into itself. The mappings S and T are said to be compatible mappings of type (B) if
and
whenever is a sequence in E such that for some .
Now, we state and prove the following result.
Theorem 4.1 Let , , and be sequences of elements in a Banach space X. Let be the unique solution of the system of equations
where satisfy the following conditions:
(d1) The pairs and are compatible of type (B),
(d2) , where I denotes the identity mapping, and
(d3)
for all , where . If and
then the sequence converges to the solution of the equation
Proof We will show that is a Cauchy sequence. Since
Letting with and , we deduce
which implies that
Thus is a Cauchy sequence and converges to a point ν in X. Further,
Letting , we get , which from (d2) implies that . Similarly, . From (d1), we now have
Using (i) and (d2), we have
which implies that . It follows that
completing the proof of the theorem. □
As a consequence of Theorem 4.1, we have the following corollary.
Corollary 4.1 Let , , and be sequences of elements in a Banach space X. Let be the unique solution of the system of equations
where satisfy the following conditions:
(d1) The pairs and are compatible of type (B),
(d2) , where I denotes the identity mapping, and
(d3)
for all , where . If
then the sequence converges to the solution of the equation
Proof The proof can be obtained by putting in Theorem 4.1, where I denotes the identity mapping. □
Open problem It is still an open problem to extend some defined iterative schemes in the sense of double-sequence setting. For some recent studies on various iterative schemes, we refer to [1, 35–39] and others.
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The authors would like to thank Scientific Research Deanship at Umm Al-Qura University (Project ID 43305020) for the financial support.
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El-Sayed Ahmed, A., Ahmed, S.A. Fixed points by certain iterative schemes with applications. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 121 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-121
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-121