Abstract
We consider the well-known Boltzmann brains problem in the framework of simple phantom energy models with little rip and big rip singularities. It is shown that these models (i) satisfy the observational data and (ii) may be free from the Boltzmann brains problem. Human observers in phantom models can exist only during a certain period t < t f (t f is the lifetime of the universe) via the Bekenstein bound. If the fraction of unordered observers in this part of the universe history is negligible as comparison with ordered observers, than the Boltzmann brains problem does not appear. The bounds on model parameters derived from such a requirement do not contradict to the allowable range according to the observational data.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. G. Riess et al., Astron. J. 116, 1009 (1998).
S. Perlmutter et al., Ap. J. 517, 565 (1999).
E. Copeland, M. Sami and S. Tsujikawa, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 15, 1753 (2006).
R. Caldwell and M. Kamionkowski, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 59, 397 (2009).
R. Durrer and R. Maartens, Gen. Rel. Grav. 40, 301 (2008).
J. Frieman and M. Turner, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 46, 385 (2008).
A. Silvestri and M. Trodden, Rept. Prog. Phys. 72, 096901 (2009).
M. Li, X. Li, S. Wang, and Y. Wang, Commun. Theor. Phys. 56, 525 (2011).
P. A. R. Ade et al., Planck Collaboration, “Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters,” arXiv: 1502.0158.
Review of Particle Physics, 102 (2010).
R. Amanullah et al., Ap. J. 716, 712 (2010).
S. M. Carroll, M. Hofman, and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 68, 023509 (2003).
A. A. Starobinsky, Grav. Cosmol. 6, 157 (2000).
R. R. Caldwell, Phys. Lett. B 545 23 (2002).
P. H. Frampton and T. Takahashi, Phys. Lett. B 557, 135 (2003).
P. F. González-Diáz, Phys. Lett. B 586, 1 (2004).
S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Phys. Rev. D 70, 103522 (2004).
S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, and S. Tsujikawa, Phys. Rev. D 71, 063004 (2005).
H. Stefancic, Phys. Rev. D 71, 084024 (2005).
P. H. Frampton, K. J. Ludwickm and R. J. Scherrer, arXiv: 1106.4996.
P. H. Frampton, K. J. Ludwick, and R. J. Scherrer, arXiv: 1112.2964.
H. Wei and R. G. Cai, Phys. Rev. D 72, 123507 (2005).
L. P. Chimento, Phys. Rev. D 81, 043525 (2010).
R. G. Cai and Q. P. Su, Phys. Rev. D 81, 103514 (2010).
Y. Ito, S. Nojiri, and S. D. Odintsov, arXiv: 1111.5389.
P. H. Frampton, K. J. Ludwick, S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, and R. J. Scherrer, arXiv:1108.0067.
A. Albrecht and L. Sorbo, Phys. Rev. D 70, 063528 (2004), hep-th/0405270.
D. N. Page, J. Corean Phys. Soc. 49, 711 (2006).
N. Goheer, M. Kleban, and L. Susskind, JHEP 07, 056 (2003).
S. Kachru, R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and S. P. Trivedi, Phys. Rev. D 68, 046005 (2003).
S. Kachru, J. Pearson, and H. Verlinde, JHEP 06, 021 (2002).
I. R. Klebanov and M. J. Strassler, JHEP 08, 052 (2000).
A. R. Frey, M. Lippert, and B. Williams, Phys. Rev. D 68, 046008 (2003).
A. Linde, hep-th/0611043.
A. Vilenkin, hep-th/0611271.
R. Bousso and B. Freivogel, hep-th/0610132.
D. N. Page, hep-th/0610079; hep-th/0612137.
http://supernova.lbl.gov
S. Nesseris and L. Perivolaropoulos, Phys. Rev. D 72, 123519 (2005).
D. Stern et al., JCAP 1002, 008 (2010).
D. Blake et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 418, 1707 (2011).
J. D. Bekenstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 623 (1981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This issue of the journal is dedicated to the centenary of Prof. K.P. Staniukovich.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Astashenok, A.V., Yurov, A.V. & Yurov, V.V. The possible resolution of Boltzmann brains problem in phantom cosmology. Gravit. Cosmol. 22, 212–219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0202289316020031
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0202289316020031