Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

  • Published:
Fisheries Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) on growth performance, feed utilization, and gossypol accumulation in juvenile (mean body weight 11 g) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets (designated CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40) containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CS mixture (1∶1 w/w) were formulated. After 9 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed all diets did not show significant differences in growth performances, feed utilization, and whole body compositions. Hemoglobin content gradually decreased (P<0.05) with increments of CS inclusion levels. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary gossypol and total liver gossypol contents. Free radical scavenging activity in the experimental diets gradually increased with increment of dietary CS inclusion. This finding indicates that the mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with methionine and lysine supplementation could replace up to 40% of fishmeal protein in diets. However, 20% fishmeal protein replacement by dietary inclusion of cottonseed (9.4%) and soybean (8.7%) meal might be the optimum and safe level for the commercial use of CS in juvenile Japanese flounder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Coyle SD, Mengel GJ, Tidwell JH, Webster DC. Evaluation of growth, feed utilization, and economics of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus, fed diets containing different protein resources in combination with distillers dried grains with soluble. Aquacult. Res. 2004; 35: 365–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Choi SM, Wang X, Park GJ, Lim SR, Kim KW. Dietary de-hulled soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in fingerling and growing Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquacult. Res. 2004; 35: 410–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kikuchi K, Furuta T, Honda H. Utilization of soybean meal as a protein source in diet of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Suisanzoshoku 1994; 42: 601–604 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kikuchi K. Use of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in diets of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture 1999; 179: 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hardy RW. Current issues in salmonid nutrition. In: Lim C, Sessa DJ (eds). Nutrition and Utilization Technology in Aquaculture. AOCS Press, Campaign, IL. 1995; 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chou RL, Her BJ, Su MS, Hwang G, Wu YH, Chen HY. Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture 2004; 229: 325–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Catacutan MR, Pagador GE. Partial replacement of fish meal in formulated diets for the mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775). Aquacult. Res. 2004; 35: 299–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Degani G, Viola S, Yehuda Y. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein sources for carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquacult. Res. 1997; 28: 23–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Refstie S, Korsoen OJ, Storebakken T, Baeverfjord G, Lein I, Reom AJ. Differing nutritional responses to dietary defatted soybean meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 2000; 190: 49–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tomas A, de la Gandara F, Garcia-Comez A, Perez L, Jover M. Utilization of soybean meal as an alternative protein source in the Mediterranean yellow tail, Seriola dumerili. Aquacult. Nutr. 2005; 11: 333–340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhou QC, Mai KS, Tan BP, Liu YJ. Partial replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquacult. Nutr. 2005; 11: 175–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Shimeno S, Kumon M, Ando H, Ukawa M. The growth performance and body composition of young yellowtail fed with diets containing defatted soybean meal for a long period. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1993; 59: 177–202.

    Google Scholar 

  13. McMoogan B, Gatlin DM III. Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal in diets for red drum Sciaenops acellatus and potential for palatability enhancement. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 1997; 28: 374–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Boonyaratpalin M, Suraneiranat P, Tunpibal T. Replacement of fish meal with various types of soybean products in diets for Asian seabass Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture 1998; 161: 67–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gomes EF, Gouveia RA, Teles AO. Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effect of the quality of the fish meal based control diets on digestibility and nutrient balances. Water Sci. Technol. 1995; 31: 205–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Quantararo N, Allan GL, Bell JD. Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture 1998; 153: 263–272.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pham MA, Lee KJ, Lim SL, Lee BJ, Kim SS, Park YJ, Lee SM. Fish meal replacement by cottonseed and soybean meal in diets for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. J. Kor. Aquacult. Soc. 2005; 18: 215–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Saitoh S, Koshio S, Harda H, Watanabe K, Yoshida T, Teshima SI, Ishikawa M. Utilization of extruded soybean meal for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus juveniles. Fish. Sci. 2003; 69: 1075–1077.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hendricks JD, Sinnhuber RO, Loveland PM, Nixon JE. Hepatocarcinogenicity of glandless cottonseed oil to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Science 1980; 208: 309–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. NRC (National Research Council). Nutritional Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Storebakken T, Refstie S, Ruyter B. Soy products as fat and protein sources in fish diets for intensive aquaculture. In: Drackley JK (ed.), Soy in Animal Nutrition. Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy, IL. 2000; 127–170.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Colin-Negrete J, Kiesling HE, Ross TT, Smith JF. Effect of whole cottonseed meal on serum constituents, fragility of erythrocyte cells and reproduction of growing Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 1996; 79: 2016–2023.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dorsa WJ, Robinette RH, Robinson HE, Poe EW. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and gossypol on growth of young channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1982; 111: 651–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Robinson EH, Brent JR. Use of cottonseed meal in catfish feeds. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 1989; 20: 250–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Robinson EH, Li MH. Use of plant proteins in catfish feeds: Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed meal and replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and cotton-seed meal. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 1994; 25: 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Robinson EH, Tiersch TR. Effects of long term feeding of cottonseed meal on growth, testis development and sperm motility of male channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus brood-fish. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 1995; 26: 426–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dabrowski K, Rinchard J, Lee KJ, Blom JH, Cierezko A, Ottobre J. Effects of diets containing gossypol on reproductive capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biol. Reprod. 2000; 62: 227–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee KJ, Dabrowski K. Tissue gossypol and gossypolone isomers in rainbow trout fed low and high levels of dietary cottonseed meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50: 3056–3061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rinchard J, Lee KJ, Czesny S, Ciereszko A, Dabrowski K. Effect of cottonseed meal containing diets to broodstock rainbow trout and their impact on the growth of their progenies. Aquaculture 2003; 227: 77–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. El-Sayed DMS. Long-term evaluation of cottonseed meal as a protein source for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 1990; 84: 315–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mbahinzireki GB, Dabrowski K, Lee KJ, El-Saidy D, Wisner ER. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fed with cottonseed meal-based diets in a re-circulating system. Aquacult. Nutr. 2001; 7: 189–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rinchard J, Mbahinzireki G, Dabrowski K, Lee KJ, Garcia-Abiado M, Ottobre J. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal protein level on growth, gonad development and plasma sex steroid hormones of tropical fish tilapia Oreochromis sp. Aquacult. Int. 2002; 10: 11–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Robinson EH, Rawles SD, Oldenburg PW, Stickney RR. Effects of feeding glandless or glanded cottonseed products and gossypol to Tilapia aurea. Aquaculture 1984; 38: 145–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Herman RL. Effect of gossypol on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 1970; 2: 293–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rinchard J, Ciereszko A, Dabrowski K, Ottobre J. Effects of gossypol on sperm viability and plasma sex steroid hormones in male sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Toxicol. Lett. 2000; 111: 189–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Makinde MO, Akingbemi BT, Aire TA. Gossypol induced crythrocyte fragility in theratis ameliorated by ethanol intake. S. Afr. J. Sci. 1997; 93: 141–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rhee KS, Siprin YA, Calhoun MC. Antioxidant effects of cottonseed meals as evaluated in cooked meat. Meat Sci. 2001; 58: 117–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Benz CC, Keniry MA, Ford JM, Townsend AJ, Cox FW, Palayoor S, Matlin SA, Hait WN. Biochemical correlates of the antitumor and antimitochondrial properties of gossypol enantiomers. Mol. Pharmacol. 1990; 37: 840–847.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shelley MD, Hartley L, Fish RG, Groundwater P, Morgan JJG, Mort D, Mason M, Evans A. Stereo-specific cytotoxic effects of gossypol enantiomers and gossypolone in tumour cell lines. Cancer Lett. 1999; 135: 171–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Folch J, Lee M, Sloane-Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from an imal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 1957; 226: 497–509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kim HL, Calhoun MC. Determination of gossypol in plasma and tissues of animals. Symposium on Available Gossypol in Cottonseed Products. Inform 1995; 6: 486 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lee KJ, Dabrowski K. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of gossypol and gossypolone enantiomers in fish tissues using simultaneous electrochemical and ultraviolet detectors. J. Chromatogr. B 2002b; 779: 313–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Sci. Technol. 1995; 28: 25–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Skerget M, Kotnik P, Hadolin M, Hras AR, Simonic M, Knez Z. Phenols, proanthocyanidins, flavones and flavonols in some plant materials and the antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2005; 89: 191–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kim KW, Wang XJ, Bai SC. Optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquacult. Res. 2002; 33: 673–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Lee KJ, Dabrowski K, Blom JH, Bai SC, Stromberg PC. A mixture of cottonseed meal and soybean meal and animal byproduct mixture as a fish meal substitute: growth and gossypol enantiomer in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2002; 86: 201–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cheng ZJ, Hardy WR. Apparent digestibility coefficients and nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 2002; 212: 361–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Blom JH, Lee KJ, Rinchard J, Dabrowski K, Ottobre J. Reproductive efficiency and maternal offspring transfer of gossypol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing cottonseed meal. J. Anim. Sci. 2001; 79: 1533–1539.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Garcia-Abiado MA, Mbahinzireki G, Rinchard J, Lee KJ, Dabrowski K. Effects of diets containing gossypol on blood parameters and spleen structure in tilapia, Oreochromis sp., reared in re-circulating system. J. Fish Dis. 2004; 27: 359–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Yildirim M, Lim C, Wan P, Klesius PH. Effect of natural gossypol and gossypol-acetic acid on growth performance and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Aquacult. Nutr. 2004; 10: 153–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Yildirim M, Lim C, Wan PJ, Klesius PH. Growth performance and immune response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets containing graded levels of gossypol-acetic acid. Aquaculture 2003; 219: 751–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Roehm JN, Lee DJ, Sinnhuber RO. Accumulation and elimination of dietary gossypol in the organs of rainbow trout. J. Nutr. 1967; 92: 425–428.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Baruah K, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Debnath D. Dietary phytase: an ideal approach for a cost effective and low-polluting aquafeed. NAGA, World Fish Center Q. 2004; 27: 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bransden MP, Carter CG. Effect of processing soybean meal on the apparent digestibility of practical diets for greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina (Gunther). Aquacult. Res. 1999; 30: 719–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Riche M, Garling DL. Effects of phytic acid on growth and nitrogen retention in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquacult. Nutr. 2004; 10: 389–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ciereszko A, Dabrowski K. In vitro effect of gossypol acetate on yellow perch (Perca flavescens) spermatozoa. Aquat. Toxicol. 2000; 49: 181–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Randel RD, Chase CC Jr, Wyse SJ. Effects of gossypol and cottonseed products on reproduction of mammals. J. Anim. Sci. 1992; 70: 1628–1638.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Braham JE, Bressani R. Effect of different levels of gossypol on transaminase activity, on nonessential to essential amino acid ratio and iron and nitrogen retention in rats. J. Nutr. 1975; 105: 349–355.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Skutches CL, Herman DL, Smith FH. Effect of dietary free gossypol on blood components and tissue iron in swine and rats. J. Nutr. 1974; 104: 415–422.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Brocas C, Rivera RM, Paula-Lopes FF, McDowell LR, Calhoun MC, Staples CR, Wilkinson NS, Boning AJ, Chenoweth PJ, Hansen PJ. Deleterious actions of gossypol on bovine spermatozoa, oocytes and embryos. Biol. Reprod. 1997; 57: 901–907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lindsey TO, Hawkins GE, Guthrie LD. Physiological responses of lactating cows to gossypol from cottonseed meal rations. J. Dairy Sci. 1980; 62: 562–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Barros MM, Lim C, Klesius PH. Effect of soybean meal replacement by cottonseed meal and iron supplementation on growth, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Aquaculture 2002; 207: 263–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rhee KS. Uses of oilseed food ingredients to minimize warded-over flavor development in meat products. In: Ho C-T, Lee CY, Huang M-T (eds). Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health — I. Analysis, Occurrence, and Chemistry. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 1992; 223–234.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Whittern CC, Miller EE, Pratt DE. Cottonseed flavonoids as lipid antioxidants. JAOCS 1984; 61: 1075–1078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ziprin YA, Rhee KS, Carpenter ZL, Hostetler RL, Terrell RN, Rhee KC. Glandless cottonseed and soy protein ingredients in ground beef patties: effects on rancidity and other quality factors. J. Food Sci. 1981; 46: 58–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Life Science, Cheju National University, 690-756, Jeju, Korea

    Minh Anh Pham, Kyeong-Jun Lee & Se-Jin Lim

  2. Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 573-701, Kunsan City, Korea

    Kwan-Ha Park

Authors
  1. Minh Anh Pham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kyeong-Jun Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Se-Jin Lim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kwan-Ha Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kyeong-Jun Lee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pham, M.A., Lee, KJ., Lim, SJ. et al. Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Fish Sci 73, 760–769 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01394.x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01394.x

Key Words

Search

Navigation