Abstract
Cosmos caudatus is commonly used as a medicinal plant in tropical countries. C. caudatus leaf extracts were obtained using five different extraction solvents, namely 100 % methanol, 100 % ethanol, 95 % ethanol, 50 % ethanol, and 100 % water. Mechanically liberated C. caudatus leaf juice was also used for comparison. The total carotenoid content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically, while ascorbic acid content was quantified using HPLC. Among all the CC leaf extracts, water extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content (10,513 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample), total flavonoid content (1654.7 mg/100 g fresh sample), and ascorbic acid content (153.7 mg/100 g fresh sample). While the 100 % methanol and 50 % ethanol extracts of C. caudatus leaves demonstrated the highest antioxidant activities as assessed using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The highest total carotenoid content was observed in the methanol extract of C. caudatus leaves. C. caudatus leaf juice contained the lowest ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC and antioxidant activities. Overall, using different types of extraction solvents had significant effects on the antioxidant properties of the extracts. 50 % ethanol was subsequently recommended as the most efficient solvent to extract antioxidant compounds from C. caudatus leaf.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Saikhan MS, Howard LR, Miller JC Jr (1995) Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in different genotypes of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Food Sci 60:341–347
Amalia L, Anggadiredja K, Sukrasno, Fidrianny I, Inggraini R (2012) Antihypertensive potency of wild Cosmos (Cosmos caudatus Kunth, Asteraceae) leaf extract. J Pharmacol Toxicol 7(8):359–368
Andarwulan N, Batari R, Sandrasari DA, Bolling B, Wijaya H (2010) Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of vegetables from Indonesia. Food Chem 121(4):1231–1235
Andarwulan N, Kurniasih D, Apriady RA, Rahmat H, Roto AV, Bolling BW (2012) Polyphenols, carotenoids and ascorbic acid in underutilized medicinal vegetables. J Funct Foods 4(1):339–347
Arts ICW, Hollman PCH (2005) Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1):317–325
Atoui AK, Mansouri A, Boskou G, Kefalas P (2005) Tea and herbal infusions: their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chem 89(1):27–36
Ball GFM (2006) Vitamins in foods: analysis, bioavailability and stability. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘‘antioxidant power’’: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239(1):70–76
Bodeker G (2009) Health and beauty from the rainforest: Malaysian Traditions of Ramuan. Editions Didier Millet, Kuala Lumpur
Cheng SH, Barakatun-Nisak MY, Anthony J, Ismail A (2015a) Potential medicinal benefits of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja): a scoping review. J Res Med Sci 20:1000–1006
Cheng SH, Ismail A, Anthony J, Ng OC, Hamid AA, Barakatun-Nisak MY (2015b) Eight weeks of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) supplementation improves glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. doi:10.1155/2015/405615
El-Shatanovi GATA, Ashoush IS, Ahmad EK, Ali SA (2012) Antiatherogenic properties of vegetable juice rich in antioxidants in cholesterol-fed rats. Ann Agric Sci 57(2):167–173
Fatimah AMZ, Norazian MH, Rashidi O (2012) Identification of carotenoid composition in selected ‘ulam’ or traditional vegetables in Malaysia. Int Food Res J 19(2):527–530
Gurjar MS, Ali S, Akhtar M, Singh KS (2012) Efficacy of plant extracts in plant disease management. Agric Sci 3(3):425–433
Hassan WE (2006) Healing herbs of Malaysia. Federal Land Development Agency, Kuala Lumpur
Hurtado NH, Morales AL, González-Miret ML, Escudero-Gilete ML, Heredia FJ (2009) Colour, pH stability and antioxidant activity of anthocyanin rutinosides isolated from tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceum Cav.). Food Chem 117(1):88–93
Jayaprakasha GK, Negi PS, Jena BS, Jagan L, Rao M (2007) Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit extracts. J Food Compos Anal 20(3):330–336
Khoo HE, Ismail A, Mohd-Esa N, Idris S (2008) Carotenoid content of underutilized tropical fruits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 63(4):170–175
Khoo HE, Azlan A, Ismail A, Abas F (2013) Response surface methodology optimization for extraction of phenolics and antioxidant capacity in defatted dabai parts. Sains Malays 42(7):949–954
Kong KW, Khoo HE, Prasad NK, Chew LY, Amin I (2013) Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of Pouteria campechiana fruit parts. Sains Malays 42(2):123–127
Kulisic T, Radonic A, Katalinic V, Milos M (2004) Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food Chem 85(4):613–640
Loh SP, Hadira O (2011) In vitro inhibitory potential of selected Malaysian plants against key enzymes involved in hyperglycemia and hypertension. Malays J Nutr 17(1):77–86
Marinova EM, Yanishlieva NV (1997) Antioxidative activity of extracts from selected species of the family Lamiaceae in sunflower oil. Food Chem 58(3):245–248
Marquez AJ (2005) Lotus japonicas Handbook. Springer, The Netherlands
Mitri K, Shegokar R, Gohla S, Anselmi C, Müller RH (2011) Lutein nanocrystals as antioxidant formulation for oral and dermal delivery. Int J Pharm 420(1):141–146
Mohamed N, Sahhugi Z, Ramli ESM, Muhammad N (2013) The effect of Cosmos caudatus (ulam raja) on dynamic and cellular bone histomorphometry in ovariectomized rats. BMC Res Notes 6(1):239
Moulehi I, Bourgou S, Ourghemmi I, Tounsi MS (2012) Variety and ripening impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seeds extracts. Ind Crops Prod 39:74–80
Nagao A, Maeda M, Lim BP, Kobayashi H, Terao J (2000) Inhibition of beta-carotene-15, 15′-dioxygenase activity by dietary flavonoids. J Nutr Biochem 11(6):348–355
Rapisarda P, Tomaino A, Lo Cascio R, Bonina F, De Pasquale A, Saija A (1999) Antioxidant effectiveness as influenced by phenolic content of fresh orange juices. J Agric Food Chem 47(11):4718–4723
Rasdi NHM, Samah OA, Sule A, Ahmed QU (2010) Antimicrobial studies of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (Compositae). J Med Plants Res 4(8):669–673
Razali N, Mat-Junit S, Abdul Muthalib AF, Subramaniam S, Abdul-Aziz A (2012) Effect of various solvents on the extraction of antioxidant phenolics from the leaves, seeds, veins and skins of Tamarindus indica L.. Food Chem 131(2):441–448
Reihani SFS, Azhar ME (2012) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in aqueous extracts of selected traditional Malay salads (Ulam). Int Food Res J 19(4):1439–1444
Samy J, Sugumaran M, Lee KLW (2005) Herbs of Malaysia: an introduction to medicinal, culinary, aromatic and cosmetic use of herbs. Marshall Cavendish, Selangor
Scartezzini P, Antognoni F, Raggi MA, Poli F, Sabbioni C (2006) Vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of the fruit and of the Ayurvedic preparation of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. J Ethnopharmacol 104(1–2):113–118
Shui GH, Leong LP, Wong SP (2005) Rapid screening and characterisation of antioxidants of Cosmos caudatus using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 827(1):127–138
Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X, Liu RH (2002) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem 50(25):7449–7454
Surveswaran S, Cai YZ, Corke H, Sun M (2007) Systematic evaluation of natural phenolic antioxidants from 133 Indian medicinal plants. Food Chem 102(3):938–953
Thaipong K, Boonprakob U, Crosby K, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Byrne DH (2006) Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J Food Compos Anal 19(6):669–675
Traber MG, Stevens JF (2011) Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med 51(5):1000–1013
Velioglu YS, Mazza G, Gao L, Oomah BD (1998) Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables and grain products. J Agric Food Chem 46(10):4113–4117
Wang H, Cao G, Prior RL (1996) Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. J Agric Food Chem 44(3):701–705
Wong SP, Leong LP, Koh JHW (2006) Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of selected plants. Food Chem 99(4):775–783
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia for the financial assistance and the Universiti Putra Malaysia for the research facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cheng, SH., Khoo, H.E., Ismail, A. et al. Influence of Extraction Solvents on Cosmos caudatus Leaf Antioxidant Properties. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Sci. 40, 51–58 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-016-0007-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-016-0007-x