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Vanishing and non-vanishing theta values

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Abstract

For a primitive Dirichlet character \(\chi \) of conductor \(N\) set

$$\begin{aligned} \Theta (\chi )=\sum _{n\in \mathbb Z } n^\epsilon \chi (n)\,e^{-\pi n^2/N} \end{aligned}$$

(where \(\epsilon =0\) for \(\chi \) even, \(\epsilon =1\) for \(\chi \) odd), the value of the associated theta series at its point of symmetry under the modular transformation \(\tau \rightarrow -1/\tau \). These numbers are related by \(\Theta (\chi )=W(\chi )\Theta (\bar{\chi })\) to the root number of the \(L\)-series of \(\chi \) and hence can be used to calculate the latter quickly if they do not vanish. We describe experiments showing that \(\Theta (\chi )\ne 0\) for all \(\chi \) with \(N\le 52{,}100\) (roughly 500 million primitive characters) except for precisely two characters (up to \(\chi \rightarrow \bar{\chi }\)), of conductors \(300\) and \(600\). The proof that \(\Theta (\chi )\) vanishes in these two cases uses properties of Ramanujan’s modular function of level \(5\). We also characterize all \(\chi \) for which \(W(\chi )\) is a root of unity and describe some experimental results concerning the algebraic numbers \(\Theta (\chi )/\eta (i)^{1+2\epsilon }\) when \(N\) is prime.

Résumé

Pour tout caractère de Dirichlet \(\chi \) de conducteur \(N\) on pose

$$\begin{aligned} \Theta (\chi )=\sum _{n\in \mathbb Z } n^\epsilon \chi (n)\,e^{-\pi n^2/N} \end{aligned}$$

(où \(\epsilon =0\) pour \(\chi \) pair, \(\epsilon =1\) pour \(\chi \) impair), qui est la valeur de la série thêta correspondante à son point de symétrie par la transformation modulaire \(\tau \rightarrow -1/\tau \). Ces quantités sont reliées à la constante \(W(\chi )\) de l’équation fonctionelle de la fonction \(L\) associée à \(\chi \) par la formule \(\Theta (\chi )=W(\chi )\Theta (\bar{\chi })\), et donc peuvent être utilisées pour calculer rapidement cette constante si elles ne s’annulent pas. Nous montrons que \(\Theta (\chi )\ne 0\) pour tout \(\chi \) tel que \(N\le 52{,}100\) (approximativement 500 millions de caractères primitifs), à l’exception d’exactement deux caractères (à conjugaison complexe près) de conducteurs \(300\) et \(600\). La preuve de l’annulation de \(\Theta (\chi )\) dans ces deux cas utilise des propriétés de la fonction modulaire de Ramanujan de niveau \(5\). Nous donnons aussi une caractérisation de tous les \(\chi \) pour lesquels \(W(\chi )\) est une racine de l’unité et présentons des résultats expérimentaux sur les nombres algébriques \(\Theta (\chi )/\eta (i)^{1+2\epsilon }\) pour \(N\) premier.

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Notes

  1. One could, however, use L’Hôpital’s rule in this case to calculate \(W(\chi )\) quickly, or else choose \(\tau \!\ne \! i\) in (2).

  2. This trick is taken from [2].

References

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Correspondence to Henri Cohen.

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For Paulo Ribenboim, whose enthusiasm and good humor have lit up the world of Number Theory

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Cohen, H., Zagier, D. Vanishing and non-vanishing theta values. Ann. Math. Québec 37, 45–61 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40316-013-0003-x

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