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Cytotoxic Effect of Palladium Nanoparticles Synthesized From Syzygium aromaticum Aqueous Extracts and Induction of Apoptosis in Cervical Carcinoma

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Among the various nanoparticles explored for diverse biological applications, palladium nanoparticles still remain far too behind in the field of cancer therapeutics. Nanoparticles synthesized by chemical methods aggregate in physiological conditions hindering their biomedical applications. Therefore, in the present study, a plant mediated green synthesis approach for palladium nanoparticle preparation from Syzygium aromaticum was reported and the biocompatibility and anticancer activity of the eco-friendly synthesized palladium nanoparticles against human cervical carcinoma was evaluated. The as-synthesized palladium nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques such as, UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of palladium nanoparticles were verified by incubating with RBCs and cytotoxic studies revealed a dose dependent cytotoxic effect with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 15 ± 0.5 µg/mL against HeLa cells at 48 h incubation. Further, the induction of apoptosis was evidenced by fluorescence microscopic study. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis evidenced the activation of cytochrome c and caspase 3 and down regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. In vivo antitumor studies showed significant suppression of tumor growth against HeLa tumor xenograft models. The results suggest that palladium nanoparticles can be synthesized using clove buds; they are biocompatible possessing significant anticancer activity against human cervical carcinoma, indicating the great potential of palladium nanoparticles in relevant biomedical applications.

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Acknowledgments

This research work was partially supported by UGC–Basic Science for Research (BSR)—RFSMS (Ref. G2/3142/UGC–BSR–RFSMS/2013) and DST-Nano-mission Project, Department of Science and Technology, Nano-mission division, New Delhi (Ref. SR/NM/NS-60/2010 dt. 08-07-2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Krishnamurthy Shanthi, Vellingiri Sreevani & Karuppaiya Vimala

  2. Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India

    Soundarapandian Kannan

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  1. Krishnamurthy Shanthi
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Fig. S1

The hydrodynamic diameters of PdNPs with an average size of 20 ± 5 nm (PDI = 0.596 ± 0.01) (TIFF 24799 kb)

Fig. S2

Surface zeta potential value of the as-synthesized PdNPs. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles is negative and found to be −36.7 ± 0.65mVs (TIFF 25380 kb)

Fig. S3

EDX of clove buds synthesized PdNPs exhibiting strong Pd signals (TIFF 5650 kb)

Fig. S4

XRD patterns of clove buds synthesized PdNPs (TIFF 24183 kb)

Fig. S5

Apoptosis induced by PdNPs treated HeLa cells confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of apoptotic related gene expressions. Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Cytochrome c, and caspases-3 after treatment with two different concentration of PdNPs. β-actin used as internal control (TIFF 1194 kb)

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Shanthi, K., Sreevani, V., Vimala, K. et al. Cytotoxic Effect of Palladium Nanoparticles Synthesized From Syzygium aromaticum Aqueous Extracts and Induction of Apoptosis in Cervical Carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 87, 1101–1112 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0678-7

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