Introduction

Although both geographically and stratigraphically ubiquitous, the fossil record of plesiosaurs currently has very incomplete representation from Middle Jurassic strata of pre-Callovian (Aalenian–Bajocian) age (e.g. Buchy 2004; Gasparini 1997; Gasparini and Fernández 2006; Godefroit 1994; Kear 2012; Sachs and Hornung 2016; Vincent et al. 2007, 2013b). To date, only two taxa have been recognised from this interval: the rhomaleosaurid Maresaurus coccai (Gasparini 1997), from the early Bajocian of Argentina, and the probable pliosaurid Simolestes keileni (Godefroit 1994) from the late Bajocian of France. Consequently, the understanding of early Middle Jurassic plesiosaur diversity and distribution is, at present, extremely limited (e.g. Bardet et al. 2014; Kear et al. 2018; Tutin and Butler 2017).

Here, we briefly report the discovery of an incomplete mandible representing a large-skulled pliosaurid-like plesiosaur from the lower Bajocian section of the Passwang Formation in Switzerland. Published accounts of Swiss plesiosaur fossils are, in general, rare (e.g. Geister 1998; Peyer 1940; von Meyer 1856; Wild 1968); thus, although fragmentary, this new specimen provides an important addition to the regional record and also contributes towards filling the gap in knowledge about early Middle Jurassic plesiosaurs globally.


Abbreviations are as follows: CMN Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada; MNHNL Musée national d’Histoire naturelle de Luxembourg; and PIMUZ Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Geological setting

The incomplete plesiosaur mandible described herein (PIMUZ A/III0521) was collected by the fossil enthusiast Dr Hans Holenweg (Muttenz, Switzerland), on the north-western slope of the Eileten (625 m), a prominent hill to the southwest of Arisdorf in the Basel-Land canton of north-western Switzerland (Fig. 1). Shallow marine deposits of Aalenian–Bathonian age occur as localised outcrops at this locality (e.g. Jordan et al. 2008). They overlie the Toarcian–Aalenian Opalinus-Ton on the northern and southern slopes (Wetzel and Allia 2003; Hostettler et al. 2017) and principally comprise the Aalenian–Bajocian Passwang Formation (Burkhalter 1996), which is best exposed over a large area on the western and northern slopes of the Eileten. The Passwang Formation consists of iron oolites, carbonatic sandstones, and claystones and is stratigraphically succeeded by the Hauptrogenstein (Gonzalez and Wetzel 1996), a probable Bajocian–Bathonian unit famous for crinoidal limestones (inter-bedding with minor marls and oolites) that produce well-preserved marine invertebrate fossils.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Locality map of the Eileten and area around Arisdorf in Switzerland. Extent of subsurface and outcrop geological units is based on data from Swisstopo (www.swisstopo.admin.ch)

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Systematic palaeontology

Sauropterygia Owen 1860

Plesiosauria de Blainville 1835


?Pliosauridae indet.


Material: PIMUZ A/III0521, the glenoid extremity of a right mandibular ramus (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Pliosaurid-like plesiosaur mandible section (PIMUZ A/III0521) recovered from the Passwang Formation near Arisdorf (Switzerland) in (a) lateral, b dorsal, c medial, d ventral, e anterior, and f posterior views. an angular, apr anterior process of angular, art articular, gf mandibular glenoid fossa, lt lateral trough, pf posterior facet of retroarticular process, ps possible suture, rap retroarticular process, sa surangular, sf surangular fossa

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Stratigraphic and geographic provenance: Emileia sauzei Zone (early Bajocian) of the upper Passwang Formation exposed on the north-western slope of the Eileten, southeast of Arisdorf, Canton of Basel-Land, north-western Switzerland.


Description and comparisons: PIMUZ A/III0521 includes the surangular, angular, articular, and probably part of the prearticular (Fig. 2). The mandible was broken into several pieces with fracturing and substantial loss of bone having occurred along the damaged surfaces. Subsequent restoration using coloured plaster has obscured sutures, but these appear to have been well-ossified in life. The surangular can be anatomically delimited by its transverse expansion anterior to the glenoid fossa; this incorporates a prominent longitudinal ridge on the medial surface (Fig. 2b). There is a shallow dorsal surangular fossa bounded posteromedially by a rounded ledge (Fig. 2b). Both of these features are characteristics of pliosaurids, such as Marmornectes candrewi Ketchum & Benson, 2011a (Ketchum and Benson 2011a, p. 113, text-fig. 3), Peloneustes philarchus (Seeley 1869) (see Ketchum and Benson 2011b, p. 657, pl. 3, figs. 7–10), Pliosaurus kevani Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Faye, Ketchum & Forrest, 2013 (Benson et al. 2013, p. 22, fig. 20B, D), and Cryonectes neustriacus Vincent, Bardet & Mattioli (2013) (Vincent et al. 2013a, p. 474, fig. 3). The surangular, as preserved, tapers anteriorly and has a shallowly concave dorsal margin in lateral and medial views (Fig. 2a, c). The dorsolateral edge is damaged, but clearly protruded laterally to form a shelf similar to that illustrated in P. kevani (Benson et al. 2013, p. 22, fig. 20D). A posteroventrally deflected keel on the anterolateral margin of the glenoid fossa (Fig. 2a) may demarcate the surangular–angular contact, as in P. kevani (Benson et al. 2013, p. 22, fig. 20D), Arminisaurus schuberti Sachs and Kear 2018 (Sachs and Kear 2018, p. 490, fig. 2A), and the rhomaleosaurid Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews 1922 (see Smith and Benson 2014, ppl. 8, fig. 4); this suture is also potentially traceable along the posterolateral process of the glenoid fossa (Fig. 2a).

The lateral surface of the mandible is indented by a prominent trough that extends across both the surangular and angular (Fig. 2a). A similar trough has been reported in pliosaurids, including Stratesaurus taylori Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller, 2012 (Benson et al. 2015, p. 11, fig. 9C) and Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus Benson, Ketchum, Noè & Gómez-Pérez (Benson et al. 2011, p. 552, text-fig. 3), as well as in the rhomaleosaurids Meyerasaurus victor (Fraas 1910) (Smith and Vincent 2010, p. 1054, text-fig. 3C) and Thaumatodracon wiedenrothi Smith & Araújo, 2017 (Smith and Araújo 2017, p. 105, text-fig. 7C). Benson and Druckenmiller (2014) also considered the presence of a lateral mandibular trough to be a synapomorphy for Cretaceous leptocleidians based on its occurrence in Brancasaurus brancai Wegner 1914 (Sachs et al. 2016, p. 16, fig. 4), Nichollssaura borealis (Druckenmiller and Russell 2008) (Druckenmiller and Russell 2008, p. 7, text-fig. 5C), and Plesiopleurodon wellesi Carpenter 1996 (Benson and Druckenmiller 2014, p. 11, fig. 4).

The articulated surangular and angular have a medially constricted ‘hour-glass-like’ cross section in anterior view (Fig. 2e). The ventral profile of the angular is transversely rounded, and the bone gradually widens posteriorly to reach its maximum width beneath the glenoid fossa (Fig. 2d). The lateral and medial sides of the angular are shallowly convex. The tapering anterior process of the articular is traceable on the medial side of the mandible and would have buttressed the prearticular, which appears to be present based on this anatomical association (see Benson et al. 2013, p. 18, fig. 16C, Ketchum and Benson 2011a, p. 114, text-fig. 4G, Ketchum and Benson 2011b, p. 658, text-fig. 12C).

The mandibular glenoid fossa of PIMUZ A/III0521 is 83 mm in maximum width, but only broken remnants of the glenoid processes are preserved (Fig. 2b). Despite this, the glenoid fossa was clearly medially inclined. The adjacent retroarticular process is 64 mm long and integrates both the articular and part of the angular (Fig. 2c). Its longitudinal axis is deflected medially and proportionately approximates the glenoid fossa in length, which is a trait shared with pliosaurids including Liopleurodon ferox Sauvage 1873 (see Andrews 1913, pl. II, fig. 1), some species of Pliosaurus (see Knutsen 2012, p. 266, fig. 6), the Cretaceous brachauchenines Brachauchenius lucasi Williston 1903 (see Albright et al. 2007, p. 34, fig. 3B) and Kronosaurus queenslandicus Longman 1924 (see Holland 2019, p. 7, fig. 5), and rhomaleosaurids, such as Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni (Carte and Bailey 1863) (see Smith and Dyke 2008, p. 976, fig. 1b). In dorsal view, the retroarticular process has a broad base and triangular profile, with convex lateral and medial surfaces. A dorsal flange also extends from the posterolateral edge of the glenoid fossa to the posterior tip of the retroarticular process, which is indented for the insertion of jaw musculature (Fig. 2f).

Affinities and implications for body-size

We tentatively interpret PIMUZ A/III0521 as most likely representing a pliosaurid based on its transversely expanded surangular with a prominent longitudinal ridge on its medial surface anterior to the glenoid, and a shallow dorsal fossa—character states that are apparently unique to this group (Benson and Druckenmiller 2014, Appendix 2, character 127). However, our first-hand comparative inspection of other Middle Jurassic plesiosaur mandibles reveals a similar condition in the rhomaleosaurid Borealonectes russelli Sato and Wu 2008 (CMN 40729, SS pers. obs., Sato and Wu 2008, p. 308, fig. 3A), which possesses both a transversely expanded surangular and a dorsal fossa; the dorsal edge of the surangular is otherwise not preserved in Simolestes keileni (MNHNL BU 159, SS pers. obs., see also Godefroit 1994, pl. 1C). In addition, PIMUZ A/III0521 shares the development of a lateral trough on the surangular and angular, as well as a broad medially deflected retroarticular process with S. keileni (MNHNL BU 159, SS pers. obs) and Maresaurus coccai (Gasparini 1997, p. 137, text-figs. 1A, C), demonstrating close similarities between these stratigraphically (and in the case of S. keileni also geographically) coeval taxa. Nevertheless, the mandibular proportions of PIMUZ A/III0521 indicate a larger individual. For example, the preserved maximum length of PIMUZ A/III0521 is 496 mm, with a corresponding maximum height of 127 mm in the coronoid region. By contrast, the incomplete, but much more intact mandibular ramus of S. keileni measures 1.33 m in maximum preserved length (SS pers. obs.), and is consistent with the extrapolated mandibular dimensions of M. coccai, which we estimate at around 1.1 m in maximum length based on the reconstruction of Gasparini (1997, p. 137, text-fig. 1C). As a result, we posit that the original mandible of PIMUZ A/III0521 could have reached 1.5 m in length and thus approached the sizes of later Jurassic and Cretaceous pliosaurids, whose skull lengths ranged up to over 2 m and had corresponding body lengths of between 9 and 13 m (e.g. Benson et al. 2013; Kear 2003; Knutsen et al. 2012; McHenry 2009).

Conclusions

Our documentation of the incomplete plesiosaur mandible, PIMUZ A/III0521, from the lower Bajocian upper Passwang Formation near Arisdorf in Basel-Land is significant because it provides a new addition to the hitherto sparse record of plesiosaur fossils from Switzerland (e.g. Geister 1998; Peyer 1940; von Meyer 1856; Wild 1968). It is also one of only a handful of pre-Callovian Middle Jurassic plesiosaur occurrences currently reported from Europe, and indeed, worldwide (e.g. Buchy 2004; Gasparini 1997; Gasparini and Fernández 2006; Godefroit 1994; Kear 2012; Sachs and Hornung 2016; Vincent et al. 2007, Vincent et al. 2013b). PIMUZ A/III0521 displays key traits that suggest affinity with Pliosauridae (Benson and Druckenmiller 2014), as well as morphological compatibility with coeval taxa, especially Simolestes keileni (Godefroit 1994), and the rhomaleosaurids Maresaurus coccai (Gasparini 1997) and Borealonectes russelli (Sato and Wu 2008). However, PIMUZ A/III0521 is proportionately larger, with an estimated complete mandible length of around 1.5 m; this not only hints at possible taxonomic distinction, but also implies that pliosaurid-like plesiosaurs had achieved giant body sizes and radiated ecologically as dominant marine apex predators by at least the early Middle Jurassic.