Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A vanishing hotspot—the impact of molecular insights on the diversity of Central European Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Organisms Diversity & Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current study investigates the Central European groundwater snails of the genus Bythiospeum which are currently regarded as highly diverse with a hotspot in south-western Germany coupled with high rates of endemism. This systematic concept combined with the fragility of their habitat results in a high rate of threatened species (76–96 %). The analyses of the mitochondrial COI fragment of nearly 200 specimens from 35 localities in Germany, Switzerland and marginally Austria and France including type localities of 14 taxa revealed five well-distinguished clades with genetic distances from 3.6 to 16.4 % while variability within clades and populations is very low. Morphological investigations focused on parts of the reproductive systems showed rather great uniformity with only minor differences in penis shape, size and localisation. Previous species concepts based on conchology and morphology do not correspond to the current results, and shell shape is suspected as poor indicator for species delineation. Our data indicate a significantly lower diversity in Central Europe, e.g. only three species occurring in Germany instead of 25. Taxonomic implications of our hypothesis are given and discussed. Accordingly, most of the German populations belong to Bythiospeum acicula (Held, 1838) while B. husmanni (C. R. Boettger, 1963) is a very restricted relict. In comparison with other groundwater organisms, two of the more northerly distributed species show a large range stretching over at least 410 or 490 km respectively. Post-glacial re-colonisation from refugia is discussed as most likely explanation of the recent distribution pattern.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
>Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altermatt, F, Alther, R., Fišer, C., Jokela, J., Konec, M., Küry, D., Mächler, E., Stucki, P., & Westram, A. M. (2014). Diversity and distribution of freshwater amphipod species in Switzerland (Crustacea: Amphipoda). PLoS ONE, 9(10), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110328.

  • Arbeitsgruppe Mollusken BW am Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart [M. Colling, G. Falkner, K. Groh, J. H. Jungbluth, M. Klemm, H.-J. Niederhöfer, G. Schmid, W. Rähle] (2008). Rote Liste der Schnecken und Muscheln Baden-Württembergs. Naturschutz-Praxis, Artenschutz, 12, 1–185

  • Benke, M., Braendle, M., Albrecht, C., & Wilke, T. (2011). Patterns of freshwater biodiversity in Europe: lessons from the spring snail genus Bythinella. Journal of Biogeography, 38(10), 2021–2032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1967). Les Hydrobiinae (Mollusques Gastéropodes) cavernicoles de Suisse et des régions limitrophes. Aperçu historique et distribution zoogéographique.—Annales de Spéléologie, 22(3), 523–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1973). Les Hydrobiidae (Mollusques Gastéropodes) carvernicoles de Suisse et des régions limitrophes, III. Essai de révision des Bythiospeum Bourguignat. Annales de Spéleologie, 27(4), 761–772 [1972].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1974). Les Hydrobiidae (Mollusques Gastéropodes) cavernicoles de Suisse et des régions limitrophes, 4. Anatomie de Bythiospeum acicula helveticum du Lac de Thoune. Annales de Spéleologie, 29, 627–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1976). Les Hydrobiides (Mollusques Gastéropodes) cavernicoles de Suisse et des régions limitrophes, 6. Anatomie de Bythiospeum charpyi Paladilhe. Annales de Spéleologie, 31, 189–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1979). Anatomische Untersuchungen von Bythiospeum der Umgebung Basels (Moll. Gast. Orientalidae Horatiinae). Actes du 6e Congrès suisse de Spéléologie [1978], 9–15.

  • Bernasconi, R. (1984). Hydrobides de France: Moitessieria, Bythiospeum et Hauffenia des départements Gard, Ain, Isère (Gastéropodes Prosobranches). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 91, 203–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1985). Bythiospeum (Mollusca Gasteropoda Hydrobidae) de France, nouveau ou faisant l’objet d’une révision. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 92, 333–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1988). Bythiospeum alpinum n. sp. (Mollusca Gasteropoda Prosobranchia Hydrobiidae) des eaux souterraines du réseau karstique Schrattenfluh-Sieben Hengste-Hohgant (LU/BE, Suisse). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 95, 785–789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1990). Revision of the genus Bythiospeum (Mollusca Prosobranchia Hydrobiiidae) of France, Switzerland and Germany. Münchenbuchsee: R. Bernasconi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernasconi, R. (1997). Bythiospeum rhenanum turneri n. subsp., a new phraetic snail (Mollusca Prosobranchia Hydrobiidae Horatiinae) from the groundwater of Töss valley, eastern Switzerland. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology, 337–340.

  • Bibus, E., & Rähle, W. (2005). Molluskenführung und Deckschichtengliederung von Höhenschottervorkommen bei Haigerloch (Eyachtal) und Rottenburg (Neckartal) in Württemberg. Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins, Neue Folge, 87, 343–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bibus, E., Rähle, W., & Wedel, J. (2002). Profilausbau, Molluskenführung und Parallelisierungsmöglichkeiten des Altwürmabschnitts im Lössprofil Mainz-Weisenau. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart, 51, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bichain, J.-M., Boisselier-Dubayle, M.-C., Bouchet, P., & Samadi, S. (2007). Species delimitation in the genus Bythinella (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea): a first attempt combining molecular and morphometric data. Malacologia, 49(2), 293–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boeters, H. D. (1971). Iglica pezzolii n. sp. und ein neues Merkmal zur Unterscheidung zwischen Bythiospeum und Paladilhia (Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae). Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 101(1/4), 169–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boeters, H. D. (1984a). Gedanken zu einer Revision der Gattung Bythiospeum in Deutschland. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 37, 142–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boeters, H. D. (1984b). Zur Identität des Bythiospeum-Typus (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Heldia, 1(1), 6–7. pl. 1a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boeters, H. D. (2002). Ein Beitrag zu Bythiospeum im Einzugsgebiet der Isar in Oberbayern. Collectanea Malacologica. Festschrift für Gerhard Falkner, 21-31

  • Boeters, H. D., & Falkner, G. (2009). Unbekannte westeuropäische Prosobranchia, 15. Neue und alte Quell- und Grundwasserschnecken aus Frankreich (Gastropoda: Moitessieriidae et Hydrobiidae). Heldia, 5(6), 149–162. pls. 20-22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boeters, H. D., Callot-Girardi, H., & Knebelsberger, T. (2015). News of Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) of Spain and France (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Folia Malacologica, 23, 95–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bole, J. (1970). Prispevek K Poznavanju Anatomije In Taksonomije Podzemeljskih Hidrobiid (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) [Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Anatomie und Taxonomie der unterirdischen Hydrobiiden (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia)]. Razprave 4. Razreda, Dissertationes Classis 4, 85–111.

  • Bolling, W. (1966). Beiträge zum Problem des Genus Bythiospeum Bourguignat (Mollusca-Hydrobiidae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Bamberg, 40(1965), 21–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellarini, F., Malard, F., Dole-Olivier, M.-J., & Gibert, J. (2007). Modelling the distribution of stygobionts in the Jura Mountains (eastern France). Implications for the protection of ground waters. Diversity and Distributions, 13, 213–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clement, M., Posada, D., & Crandall, K. A. (2000). TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657–1660.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornu, J.-F., Eme, D., & Malard, F. (2013). The distribution of groundwater habitats in Europe. Hydrogeology Journal, 21, 949–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Criscione, F., & Ponder, W. F. (2013). A phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean and cingulopsoidean families (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 1075–1082.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuttelod, A., Seddon, M., & Neubert, E. (2011). European Red List of non-marine mollusks. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9(8), 772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dehm, R. (1951). Mitteldiluviale Kalktuffe und ihre Molluskenfauna bei Schmiechen nahe Blaubeuren (Schwäb. Alb). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie ( Abhandlungen), 93, 247–276. pls. 16-17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delicado, D., & Ramos, M. A. (2012). Morphological and molecular evidence for cryptic species of springsnails [genus Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae)]. ZooKeys, 190, 55–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delicado, D., Machordom, A., & Ramos, M. A. (2013). Living on the mountains: patterns and causes of diversification in the springsnail subgenus Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 68, 387–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delicado, D., MAchordom, A., & Ramos, M. A. (2015). Effects of habitat transition on the evolutionary patterns of the microgastropod genus Pseudamnicola (Mollusca, Hydrobiidae). Zoologica Scripta, 44, 403–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, G., Colling, M., Kittel, K., & Strätz, C. (2004). Rote Liste gefährdeter Schnecken und Muscheln (Mollusca) Bayerns. In Voith, J. (coordination), Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere Bayerns [3 Fassung]. Schriftenreihe Bayrisches Landesamt für Umweltschutz, 166, 337–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folmer, O., Black, M., Lutz, R., & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foulquier, A., Malard, F., Lefébure, T., Douady, C. J., & Gibert, J. (2008). The imprint of Quaternary glaciers on the present-day distribution of the obligate groundwater amphipod Niphargus virei (Niphargidae). Journal of Biogeography, 35, 552–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fregin, S., Haase, M., Olsson, U., & Alström, P. (2012). Pitfalls in comparisons of genetic distances: a case study of the avian family Acrocephalidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 319–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda, H., Haga, T., & Tatara, Y. (2008). Niku-nuki: a useful method for anatomical and DNA studies on shell-bearing molluscs. Zoosymposia, 1, 15–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiev, D. (2012). Two new species of stygobiotic snails form the genus Bythiospeum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Suppl., 4, 15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgiev, D., & Glöer, P. (2015). New taxa of subterranean freshwater snails from Bulgaria (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 3, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer, D. (1904). Beiträge zur Vitrellenfauna Württembergs (I). Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 60, 298–334. pls. 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer, D. (1905). Beiträge zur Vitrellenfauna Württembergs II. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 61, 289–301. pls. 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginet, R. (1971). Biogéographie de Niphargus et Caecosphaeroma (Crustacés troglobies) dans les départements français du Jura et de l’Ain: Origine; influence des glaciations. In Fourth Swiss Speleological Congress, Neuchâtel, Switzerland pp 186–198.

  • Girardi, H. (2002). Bythiospeum diaphanum michaellensis ssp. nov. du Vaucluse (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae: Belgrandiinae). Documents Malacologiques, 3, 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2004a). Contribution à la connaissance de Bythiospeum diaphanum (Michaud, 1831) dans les resurgences gardoises en bordure de la vallée du Rhône. Documents Malacologiques, 4, 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2004b). Bythiospeum rasini (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) espece nouvelle d’une exurgence du sud de la France. Documents Malacologiques, 4, 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2009a). Contribution à la connaissance du genre Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882, dans la France méridionale (1): Bythiospeum diaphanum regalonense, Bythiospeum diaphanum luberonense, Bythiospeum diaphanum meyrarguense, Bythiospeum diaphanum alpillense, nouvelles sous-espèces (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Belgrandiinae). Documents Malacologiques, Hors Serie, 3, 153–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2009b). Contribution à la connaissance du genre Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882, en France (2), Bythiospeum diaphanum montbrunense, nouvelle sous-espèce a Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, France (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Belgrandiinae). Documents Malacologiques, Hors Serie, 3, 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2009c). Bythiospeum gardonense, nouvelle espèce, dans le canyon inférieur du Gardon, Gard, France. Comparaison et rédéfinition d’un taxon. (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Belgrandiinae). Documents Malacologiques, Hors Serie, 3, 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2009d). Bythiospeum bournense, nouvelle espèce, Spiralix thaisensis, nouvelle espèce et observation de Bythiospeum garnieri (Sayn, 1889), de la Grotte de Thais dans le Massif du Vercors, (Drôme, Isère, France). Une malacofaune cavernicole remarquable. (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Belgrandiinae). Documents Malacologiques, Hors Serie, 3, 175–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H. (2009e). Contribution à la connaissance du genre Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882, en France (3), Bythiospeum diaphanum fernetense et Bythiospeum diaphanum sarriansense, nouvelles sous-espèces des départements de la Drome et du Vaucluse (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Belgrandiinae). Documents Malacologiques, Hors Serie, 3, 185–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, H., & Rosello, M. (2001). Notes sur Bythiospeum klemmi (Boeters, 1969) (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) dans une émergence karstique de la Gardonnenque (Gard, France). Documents Malacologiques, 2, 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giusti, F., & Pezzoli, E. (1980). Gasteropodi, 2 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Hydrobioidea, Pyrguloidea). In Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque interne italiane, 8. 67 pp.

  • Glöer, P., & Grego, J. (2015). New subterranean freshwater molluscs from Bosnia & Hercegovina (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 2(4), 307–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glöer, P., & Pesic, V. (2014). New subterranean freshwater gastropods of Montenegro (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), with description of one new genus and two new species. Ecologica Montenegrina, 1(4), 244–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guindon, S., & Gascuel, O. (2003). A simple, fast and accurate method to estimate large phylogenies by maximum-likelihood. Systematic Biology, 52, 696–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haase, M. (1995). The stygobiont genus Bythiospeum in Austria: a basic revision and anatomical description of B. cf. geyeri from Vienna (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae). American Malacological Bulletin, 11(2), 123–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleid Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harl, J., Páll-Gergely, B., Kirchner, S., Sattmann, H., Duda, M., Kruckenhauser, L., & Haring, E. (2014). Phylogeography of the land snail genus Orcula (Orculidae, Stylommatophora) with emphasis on the Eastern Alpine taxa: speciation, hybridization and morphological variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 223. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0223-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, M., Kishino, K., & Yano, T. (1985). Dating the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 22, 160–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Held, F. (1847). Die Wassermollusken Bayerns. Jahresbericht der k. Kreis-Landwirthschafts- u. Gewerb-Schule und der königl. polytechnischen Schule zu München, 1846/47, 3-25.

  • Hershler, R., Liu, H. P., & Mulvey, M. (1999). Phylogenetic relationships within the aquatic snail genus Tryonia: implications for biogeography of the North American Southwest. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 377–391.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershler, R., Liu, H. P., & Thompson, F. G. (2003). Phylogenetic relationships of North American nymphophiline gastropods based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta, 32, 357–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holsinger, J. R., Mort, J. S., & Recklies, A. D. (1983). The subterranean crustacean fauna of Castleguard Cave, Columbia ice-fields, Alberta, Canada, and its zoogeographic significance. Arctic and Alpine Research, 15(4), 543–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M. S., & Rodriguez, R. J. (2013). Intragenomic sequence variation at the ITS1–ITS2 region and at the 18S and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA genes of the New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae: Mollusca). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 79(3), 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, C. R. (2004). Genetic divergence, population structure and historical demography or rare springsnails (Pyrgolopsis) in the lower Colorado River basin. Molecular Ecology, 13, 1173–1187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jungbluth J. H., & Knorre, D. von with contributions of U. Bößneck, K. Groh, E. Hackenberg, H. Kobialka, G. Körnig, H. Menzel-Harloff, H.-J. Niederhöfer, S. Petrick, K. Schniebs, V. Wiese, W. Wimmer & M. Zettler (2012) [“2011”]. Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Binnenmollusken (Schnecken und Muscheln; Gastropoda et Bivalvia) Deutschlands. 6., überarbeitete Fassung, Stand Februar 2010. Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt, 70(3), 647–708.

  • Kadolsky, D. (1995). Stratigraphie und Molluskenfaunen von “Landschneckenkalk” und “Cerithienschichten” im Mainzer Becken (Oberoligozän bis Untermiozän?), 2: Revision der aquatischen Mollusken des Landschneckenkalkes. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 124(1/2), 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiene, M. (2014). Morphologische Variabilität von Höhlenschnecken (Bythiospeum sp./spp.) in Baden-Württemberg. ii + iv + 56 pp. Bachelor thesis at University Konstanz (unpublished).

  • Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuijper, W. J., & Gittenberger, E. (1993). De grondwaterslak Bythiospeum husmanni (Boettger, 1963) in Nederland (Gastropoda Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Basteria, 57, 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefébure, T., Douady, C. J., Gouy, M., & Gibert, J. (2006). Relationship between morphological taxonomy and molecular divergence within Crustacea: proposal of a molecular threshold to help species delimitation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 435–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. P., Hershler, R., & Clift, K. (2003). Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal extensive cryptic diversity with a western American springsnail. Molecular Ecology, 12, 2771–2782.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, W. P. (1997). Gene trees in species trees. Systematic Biology, 46, 523–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magniez, G. (1997). Facteurs intrinseques et extrinseques de la distribution actuelle des crustaces isopodes des eaux souterraines d’Europe. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology, 3, Symposium 9, Biospeology, 341–344.

  • Pesic, V., & Glöer, P. (2012). A new species of Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882 (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda) from Montenegro. Biologica Nyssana, 3(1), 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radoman, P. (1983). Hydrobioidea a superfamily of Prosobranchia (Gastropoda), 1. Systematics. Posebna Isdanja Srpska Akad. Nauka Umetn. (Odelj. prirod. Matem. Nauka) = Mon. Serb. Acad. Sci. Arts (Sci.), 547(57), 256 pp. Beograd.

  • Rähle, W., & Bibus, E. (1992). Eine altpleistozäne Molluskenfauna in den Höhenschottern des Neckars bei Rottenburg, Württemberg. Jahreshefte des Geologischen Landesamts Baden-Württemberg, 34, 319–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rähle, W., & Schmid, G. (2006). Aktualisierte Liste der aus den letztinterglazialen Kalktuffen von Dettingen und Dießen bei Horb am Neckar (Baden-Württemberg) bekannt gewordenen Land- und Süßwassermollusken. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 76, 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razkin, O., Sonet, G., Breugelmans, K., Madeira, M. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., & Backeljau, T. (2016). Species limits, interspecific hybridization and phylogeny in the cryptic land snail complex Pyramidula: the power of RADseq data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 101, 267–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbauer, A., & Richling, I. (2013). Wiederfunde zweier verschollener Bythiospeum-Arten in Baden-Württemberg und Neufunde von Bythiospeum clessini posterum. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 88, 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rüetschi, J., Stucki, P., Müller, P., Vicentini, H., & Claude, F. (2012). Rote Liste Weichtiere (Schnecken und Muscheln). Gefährdete Arten der Schweiz, Stand 2010. Neuenburg: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, und Schweizer Zentrum für die Kartografie der Fauna, Neuenburg. Umwelt-Vollzug Nr. 1216.

  • Schreiber, K., Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C., & Wilke, T. (2012). The role of barriers and gradients in differentiation processes of pyrgulinid microgastropods of Lake Ohrid. Hydrobiologia, 682, 61–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, W. (1904). Anatomie von Vitrella Quenstedtii (Wiedersheim) Clessin. Jahresheft des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 60, 198–226. pls. 6-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strayer, D. L., May, S. E., Nielsen, P., Wollheim, W., & Hausam, S. (1995). An endemic groundwater fauna in unglaciated eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73, 502–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K. (1992). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G + C-content biases. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 9, 678–687.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K., & Nei, M. (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial dna in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10, 512–526.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 2725–2729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tavaré, S. (1986). Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences, 17, 57–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trontelj, P., Douady, C. J., Fiser, C., Gibert, J., Goricki, S., Lefébure, T., Sket, B., & Zaksek, V. (2009). A molecular test for cryptic diversity in ground water: how large are the ranges of macro-stygobionts? Freshwater Biology, 54, 727–744.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, H., Kuiper, J. G. J., Thew, N., Bernasconi, R., Rüetschi, J., Wüthrich, M., & Gosteli, M. (1998). Atlas der Mollusken der Schweiz und Liechtensteins. In SEG & CSCF, Fauna Helvetica 2. 527 pp., Neuchâtel.

  • Weigand, A. M., Jochum, A., Pfenninger, M., Steinke, D., & Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2011). A new approach to an old conundrum—DNA barcoding sheds new light on phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis in microsnails (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Carychiidae). Molecular Ecology Resources, 11, 255–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, T., Davis, G. M., Falniowski, A., Giusti, F., Bodon, M., & Szarowska, M. (2001). Molecular systematics of Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rissooidea): testing monophyly and pyhlogenetic relationships. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 151, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, T., Davis, G. M., Qiu, D., & Spear, R. C. (2005). Extreme mitochondrial sequence diversity in the intermediate schistosomiasis host Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni: another case of ancestral polymorphism? Malacologia, 48, 143–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, T., Haase, M., Hershler, R., Liu, H.-P., Misof, B., & Ponder, W. (2013). Pushing short DNA fragments to the limit: phylogenetic relationships of ‘hydrobioid’ gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 715–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zielske, S., & Haase, M. (2014). When snails inform about geology: Pliocene emergence of islands of Vanuatu indicated by a radiation of truncatelloidean freshwater gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Tateidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 52(3), 217–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zilch, A. (1970). Die Typen und Typoide des Natur-Museums Senckenberg, 45: Mollusca, Hydrobiidae (1): Bythiospeum Bourguignat. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 100(5/6), 319–346.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The following people and organisations helped collecting material, gave valuable hints to localities or allowed access to their properties: ARGE Blautopf, Dr. Klaus Dobat, Tübingen, Margrit and Gerhard Falkner, Hörlkofen, Klaus Groh, Bad Dürkheim, Ralf Hanneforth, Schwerte, Hajo Kobialka, Höxter, Hannes Köble, Köngen (Landesverband für Höhlen- und Karstforschung BW e. V.), Achim Lehmkuhl, SMNS, Uwe Maigler, Wendlingen, Dr. Wolfgang Rähle, Tübingen, Thomas Rathgeber, formerly SMNS, Carsten Renker, Harxheim, Anette Rosenbauer, Backnang, Jörg Rüetschi, Bern, Ulf Stein, Landratsamt Esslingen, Rainer Straub, Filderstadt, Pascal Stucki, Neuchâtel, Ewald Wehrle, Rheinfelden (Tschamberhöhle), Dieter Weber, Haßloch, Gerhard Weitmann, Mainz, Burkhard Westphal and the owners of the sources in Mühlheim, Oberminseln and Dossenbach. Special thanks go to Anette Rosenbauer who supported YM in his local collecting efforts. Prof. Dr. Thomas Wilke, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen and his lab members confirmed the poor condition of DNA in older specimens. Prof. Dr. Annette Reineke, Hochschule Geisenheim University, granted access to lab facilities for the molecular experiments conducted by JK. Emmanuel Tardy, Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la Ville de Genève, kindly supplied information regarding the material of Bernasconi and provided some anatomical material for comparison by loan. Dr. Rähle generously shared his experience and insight in various discussions, especially on molluscs throughout the Ice Ages. This study was partially funded by a Research Award from the Malacological Society of London to YM. GBOL Munich (Prof. Dr. Haszprunar, Jerome Moriniere, Katrin Koller) financially supported part of the sequencing in exchange for the sequence data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany

    Ira Richling, Yaron Malkowsky, Jacqueline Kuhn & Hans-Jörg Niederhöfer

  2. Blumenstraße 22, 63856, Bessenbach, Germany

    Jacqueline Kuhn

  3. Karneidstr. 8, 81545, Munich, Germany

    Hans D. Boeters

Authors
  1. Ira Richling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yaron Malkowsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jacqueline Kuhn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hans-Jörg Niederhöfer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hans D. Boeters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ira Richling.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Richling, I., Malkowsky, Y., Kuhn, J. et al. A vanishing hotspot—the impact of molecular insights on the diversity of Central European Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Org Divers Evol 17, 67–85 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0298-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0298-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation