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Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

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Abstract

Whereas Hyalogyrina Marshall, 1988 was originally considered a skeneid vetigastropod, the family Hyalogyrinidae Warén & Bouchet, 1993 has later been classified as basal Heterobranchia despite their rhipidoglossate radula. In order to evaluate this placement and to shed more light on the origin of all higher Gastropoda, we investigated five representatives of all three nominal hyalogyrinid genera by means of semithin serial sectioning and computer-aided 3D reconstruction of the respective anatomy, which we present in an interactive way. In general the morphological features (shell, external morphology, anatomy) fully confirm the placement of Hyalogyrinidae in the Heterobranchia, but in particular the conditions of the genital system vary substantially within the family. The ectobranch gill of Hyalogyrinidae is shared with Valvatidae, Cornirostridae, and Xylodisculidae; consequently all these families are united in Ectobranchia Fischer, 1884. The rhipidoglossate hyalogyrinid radula suggests independent acquisition of taenioglossate radulae in the Caenogastropoda and other Ectobranchia. Therefore, the origin of the Heterobranchia—and thus of all higher gastropods—looks to have taken place already on the rhipidoglossate, i.e. the ‘archaeogastropod’, level of evolution. Ectobranchia are considered the first extant offshoot of the Heterobranchia; implications for the stem species of the latter are outlined.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to all colleagues who added material and data to the present study: the specimens of Xenoskenea pellucida were collected by Dr. Serge Gofas (Universidad de Malaga, Spain) during “Mission Algarve”, a workshop in southern Portugal organised by Dr. Philippe Bouchet (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris). Bruce A. Marshall (Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa) kindly provided the specimens of Hyalogyrina glabra and Hyalogyra expansa. Dr. Kazunori Hasegawa (National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba City, Japan) kindly made specimens of Hyalogyrina depressa available to us. Dr. Anders Warén (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm) sent us material of Hyalogyrina grasslei, provided SEM photos of various hyalogyrinids, and added (as did two anonymous referees) much helpful advice to the draft of this paper. We also acknowledge technical support from Ms. Eva Lodde (ZSM) and Heidemarie Gensler (LMU Munich). Last but not least we thank Dr. Masanori Taru (Toho University, Japan) for providing his beautiful live photo of a new Xenoskenea species.

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  1. Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247, Munich, Germany

    Gerhard Haszprunar

  2. Department Biology I and GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany

    Gerhard Haszprunar, Erika Speimann, Andreas Hawe & Martin Heß

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  1. Gerhard Haszprunar
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Correspondence to Gerhard Haszprunar.

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Figure 2

3D Reconstruction of Xenoskenea pellucida and interactive 3D Model. (PDF 4645 kb)

Figure 7

The interactive 3D-model of Hyaloyrina depressa can be accessed by clicking into Fig. 7 (Adobe Reader Version 7 or higher required). Rotate model by dragging with left mouse button pressed, shift model: same action + ctrl, zoom: use mouse wheel (or change default action for left mouse button). Select or deselect (or change transparency of) components in the model tree, switch between prefab views or change surface visualization (e.g. lightning, render mode, crop etc.). (PDF 6051 kb)

Figure 14

The interactive 3D-model of Hyaloyrina grasslei can be accessed by clicking into Fig. 14 (Adobe Reader Version 7 or higher required). Rotate model by dragging with left mouse button pressed, shift model: same action + ctrl, zoom: use mouse wheel (or change default action for left mouse button). Select or deselect (or change transparency of) components in the model tree, switch between prefab views or change surface visualization (e.g. lightning, render mode, crop etc.). (PDF 4466 kb)

Figure 18

3D Reconstruction of Hyalogyrina glabra and interactive 3D Model. (PDF 5052 kb)

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Haszprunar, G., Speimann, E., Hawe, A. et al. Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula. Org Divers Evol 11, 201–236 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0048-0

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