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Vascular Neural Network Phenotypic Transformation After Traumatic Injury: Potential Role in Long-Term Sequelae

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Abstract

The classical neurovascular unit (NVU), composed primarily of endothelium, astrocytes, and neurons, could be expanded to include smooth muscle and perivascular nerves present in both the up- and downstream feeding blood vessels (arteries and veins). The extended NVU, which can be defined as the vascular neural network (VNN), may represent a new physiological unit to consider for therapeutic development in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other brain disorders (Zhang et al., Nat Rev Neurol 8(12):711–716, 2012). This review is focused on traumatic brain injury and resultant post-traumatic changes in cerebral blood flow, smooth muscle cells, matrix, blood–brain barrier structures and function, and the association of these changes with cognitive outcomes as described in clinical and experimental reports. We suggest that studies characterizing TBI outcomes should increase their focus on changes to the VNN, as this may yield meaningful therapeutic targets to resolve posttraumatic dysfunction.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dane Sorensen for critical review of the manuscript and David Ajao for tissue staining of Cav-1. This study is supported in part by the NIH R01HD061946 (JB).

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Jerome Badaut and Gregory Bix declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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  1. J. Badaut

    Present address: University Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux cedex, France

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  1. Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Coleman Pavilion, Room A1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA

    J. Badaut

  2. Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA

    J. Badaut

  3. Sanders-Brown Center on Aging & Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology, and Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA

    G. J. Bix

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Badaut, J., Bix, G.J. Vascular Neural Network Phenotypic Transformation After Traumatic Injury: Potential Role in Long-Term Sequelae. Transl. Stroke Res. 5, 394–406 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-013-0304-z

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