Abstract
Biodiesel is being promoted worldwide as a supplement and alternative automotive fuel for petroleum diesel in spite of several technological, economical and social barriers. This has provided an impetus for new research to overcome these deterrents in its production, to establish its quality criteria (standards), and to develop superior analytical methods for quality control and quality assessment of biodiesel in production and entire distribution chain until consumed by end user. The present review paper briefly covers the production, characterization and standardization of biodiesel, having relevance to the preparation of certified reference materials (CRMs) of biodiesel.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y. Zhang, M.A. Dube, D.D. McLean and M. Kates, Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: 2. Economic Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis, Bioresource Technol., 90 (2003) 229–240.
D.G.B. Boocock, S.K. Konar, V. Mao and H. Sidi, Fast One-Phase Oil-Rich Processes for the Preparation of Vegetable Oil Methyl Esters, Biomass and Bioenergy, 11 (1996) 43–50.
B. Freedman, E.H. Pryde and T.L. Mounts, Variables Affecting the Yields of Fatty Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61 (1984) 1638–1643.
M.I. Al-Widyan and A.O. Al-Shyoukh, Experimental Evaluation of the Transesterification of Waste Palm Oil into Biodiesel, Bioresource Technol., 85 (2002) 253–256.
A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj and C. Muraleedharan, Biodiesel Production from High FFA Rubber Seed Oil, Fuel, 84 (2005) 335–340.
Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue and S. Tang, Comparison of Two Different Processes to Synthesize Biodiesel by Waste Cooking Oil, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 252 (2006) 107–112.
G.J. Suppes, K. Bockwinkel, S. Lucas, J.B. Botts, M.H. Mason and J.A. Heppert, Calcium Carbonate Catalyzed Alcoholysis of Fats and Oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78 (2001) 139–145.
E. Leclercq, A. Finiels and C. Moreau, Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil in the Presence of Basic Zeolites and Related Solid Catalysts, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78 (2001) 1161–1165.
T.F. Dossin, M.F. Reyniers, R.J. Berger and G.B. Marin, Simulation of Heterogeneously MgO-Catalyzed Transesterification for Fine-Chemical and Biodiesel Industrial Production, Appl. Catal., B: Environ., 67 (2006) 136–148.
M. Berrios and R.L. Skelton, Comparison of Purification Methods for Biodiesel, Chem. Engg. J., 144 (2008) 459–465.
G. Knothe, Monitoring a Progressing Transesterification Reaction by Fiber-Optic Near Infrared Spectroscopy with Correlation to 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77 (2000) 489–493.
G.F. Ghesti, J.L. de Macedo, V.S. Braga, A.T.C.P. de Souza, V.C.I. Parente, E.S. Figueredo, I.S. Resck, J.A. Dias and S.C.L. Dias, Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Monitor and Quantify Ethyl Esters in Soybean Oil Transesterification, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83 (2006) 597–601.
W.L. Xie and H. Li, Hydroxyl Content and Refractive Index Determinations on Transesterified Soybean oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83 (2006) 869–872.
D.C. Hassell and E.M. Bowman, Process Analytical Chemistry for Spectroscopists, Appl. Spectros., 52 (1998) 18A–29A.
G. Knothe, Rapid Monitoring of Transesterification and Assessing Biodiesel Fuel Quality by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Using a Fiber-Optic Probe, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76 (1999) 795–800.
G. Knothe, Monitoring a Progressing Transesterification Reaction by Fiber-Optic Near Infrared Spectroscopy with Correlation to 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77 (2000) 489–493.
R.T. Holman and P.R. Edmondson, Near-Infrared Spectra of Fatty Acids and Some Related Substances, Anal. Chem., 28 (1956) 1533–1538.
M.G. Trevisan, C.M. Garcia, U. Schuchardt and R.J. Poppi, Evolving Factor Analysis-Based Method for Correcting Monitoring Delay in Different Batch Runs for Use with PLS: On-line Monitoring of a Transesterification Reaction by ATR-FTIR, Talanta, 74 (2008) 971–976.
N. Ellis, F. Guan, T. Chen and C. Poon, Monitoring Biodiesel Production (Transesterification) Using In situ Viscometer, Chem. Engg. J., 138 (2008) 200–206.
J. Xin, H. Imahara and S. Saka, Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel Fuel as Prepared by Supercritical Methanol, Fuel, 87 (2008) 1807–1813.
T. S. Enferadi, Z. Rabiei and G.P. Vannozzi, Protection of Biodiesel Based on Sunflower Oil from Oxidative Degradation by Natural Antioxidants, Helia, 29 (2006) 25–32.
J.C. Thompson, C.L. Peterson, D.L. Reece and S.M. Beck, Two-Year Storage Study with Methyl and Ethyl Esters of Rapeseed, Transactions of ASAE, 41 (1998) 931–939.
T.A. Foglia, K.C. Jones, A. Nunez, J.G. Phillips and M. Mittelbach, Comparison of Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Bound Glycerol in Biodiesel, Chromatographia, 60 (2004) 305–311.
American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Official Method Ca 14b-96. Quantification of Free Glycerin in Selected Glycerides and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by HPLC with Laser Light-Scattering Detection.
M. Holcapek, P. Jandera, J. Fischer and B. Prokes, Analytical Monitoring of the Production of Biodiesel by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Various Detection Methods, J. Chromatogr., A 858 (1999) 13–31.
M. Holcapek, P. Jandera, P. Zderadicka and L. Hruba, Characterization of Triacylglycerol and Diacylglycerol Composition of Plant Oils Using High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., A 1010 (2003) 195–215.
N. Atray and G. Kumar, Unpublished Private Communication by Authors.
L.M. Lourenco and N.R. Stradiotto, Determination of Free Glycerol in Biodiesel at a Platinum Oxide Surface Using Potential Cycling Technique, Talanta, 79 (2009) 92–96.
A.C. Pinto, L.L.N. Guarieiro, M.J.C. Rezende, N.M. Ribeiro, E.A. Torres, W.A. Lopes, P.A. de P. Periera and J.B. de Andrade, Biodiesel: An Overview, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 16 (2005) 1313–1330; and References Therein.
Y. Chien, M. Lu, M. Chai and F.J. Boreo, Characterization of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Particulate Matter by TG, TG-MS and FTIR, Energy & Fuels, 23 (2009) 202–206.
J.W. Diehl and F.P. DiSanzo, Determination of Total Biodiesel Fatty Acid Methyl, Ethyl Esters, and Hydrocarbon Types in Diesel Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 45 (2007) 10:690–693.
S.M. Lima, T. Izida, M.S. Figueiredo, L.H.C. Andrade, P.V. Del Ré; N. Jorge, E. Buba and F. Aristone, Analysis of Biodiesel and Frying Vegetable Oil as Determined by Fourier Transform (FTIR) Near Infrared Spectroscopy and FT-Raman Spectroscopy, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topic, 153 (2008) 535–537.
F.C.C. Oliveira, C.R.R. Brandäo, H.F. Ramalho, L.A.F. da Costa, P.A.Z. Suarez and J.C. Rubim, Adulteration of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends by Vegetable Oil as Determined by Fourier Transform (FT) Near Infrared Spectrometry and FT-Raman spectroscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta, 587 (2007) 194–199.
G. Gelbard, O. Brés, R.M. Vargas, F. Vielfaure and U.F. Schuchard, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of the Yield of the Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methanol, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72 (1995) 1239–1241.
H.L. Fang, T.L. Alleman and R.L. McCormick, Quantification of Biodiesel Content in Fuels and Lubricants by FTIR and NMR Spectroscopy, SAE International Document No. 2006-01-3301, Published: (2006) (DOI: 10.4271/2006-01-3301)
H. Prankl and M. Wörgetter, Standardization of Biodiesel on a European Level, in 3rd European Motor Biofuels Forum’s Meeting, Brussels, (1999).
J.O. Stadifk, Determination of Free and Total Glycerin in B100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters by Gas Chromatography, Application Note Number 00735 (for ASTM D-6584 standard method), Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA.
N.N. Mahamuni and Y. G. Adewuyi, Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Method to Monitor Soy Biodiesel and Soybean Oil in Transesterification Reactions, Petrodiesel-Biodiesel Blends, and Blend Adulteration with Soy Oil, Energy & Fuels, 23 (2009) 3773–3782.
J.K. Satyarthi, D. Srinivas and P. Ratnasamy, Estimation of Free Fatty Acid Content in Oils, Fats, and Biodiesel by 1H NMR Spectroscopy, Energy & Fuels, 23 (2009) 2273–2277.
Raoul Goosen, APEC Biodiesel Standard — Feedstock Characteristics and Effects on Biodiesel Quality, in 1st APEC Workshop on Establishment of the Guidelines for the Development of Biodiesel Standards in the APEC Region and the Fourth Meeting of the APEC Biofuels Taskforce, Siam City Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand, (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tyagi, O.S., Atray, N., Kumar, B. et al. Production, characterization and development of standards for biodiesel — A review. MAPAN 25, 197–218 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-010-0018-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-010-0018-6