Abstract
The objective of this work was to synthesize a tetraglycidyl 2,2-bis(4-(4 nitrophenoxy) phenyl)propane epoxy resin (TGBAPPP) from 2,2-bis(4-(4-aminephenoxy) phenyl) propane (BAPPP) and epichlorohydrin. The molecular structure of TGBAPPP epoxy resin was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy and its molecular weight was determined by means of epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) titration, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and ion trap mass spectrometry. The TGBAPPP epoxy resin was further reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nano clay with varying weight percentages (1–5 wt %) and cured with di-aminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The thermo-mechanical behaviour of TGBAPPP epoxy resin and its nanocomposites was examined by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The morphology of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies. The TGBAPPP epoxy resin having optimized nano clay reinforcement showed enhanced thermo-mechanical properties and appears to be an ideal candidate for advanced aerospace applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Khurana P, Aggarwal S, Narula AK, Choudhary V (2003) Studies on curing and thermal behaviour of DGEBA in the presence of bis (4-carboxyphenyl) dimethyl silane. Polym Int 52:908–917
Kotsilkova R (2007) Thermoset nanocomposites for engineering applications. Smithers Rapra Publishing
Srivastava I, Koratkar N (2010) Fatigue and fracture toughness of epoxy nanocomposites. J Miner Met Mater Soc 62:50–57
Kawasumi M, Hasegawa N, Kato M, Usuki A, Okada A (1997) Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene–clay hybrids. Macromolecules 30:6333–6338
Robello DR, Yamaguchi N, Blanton T, Barnes C (2004) Spontaneous formation of an exfoliated polystyrene-clay nanocomposite using a star-shaped polymer. J Am Chem Soc 126:8118–8119
Usuki A, Kojima Y, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Fukushima Y, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O (1993) Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J Mater Res 8:1179–1184
Kojima Y, Usuki A, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Fukushima Y, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O (1993) Mechanical properties of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J Mater Res 8:1185–1189
Salahuddin NA (2004) Layered silicate/epoxy nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and properties. Polym Adv Technol 15:251–259
Cheng KC, Lai KC, Chiu WJ (1999) Kinetic approach for epoxy resins cured with diaminodiphenyl sulfone under non-isothermal conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 71:721–728
Lee H, Neville K (1967) Handbook of epoxy resins. McGraw-Hill, New York
Wong CP (1988) Application of polymer in encapsulation of electronic parts. Adv Polym Sci 84:63–83
Zilg C, Mulhaupt R, Finter J (1999) Morphology and toughness/stiffness balance of nano composites based upon anhydride-cured epoxy resins and layered silicates. Macromol Chem Phys 200:661–670
Zerda A, Lesser A (2001) Intercalated clay nanocomposites: morphology, mechanics, and fracture behavior. J Polym Sci 39:1137–1146
Wang K, Chen L, Wu J, Toh ML, He C, Yee AF (2005) Epoxy nanocomposites with highly exfoliated clay: mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms. Macromolecules 38:788–800
Qi B, Zhang QX, Bannister M, Mai YW (2006) Investigation of the mechanical properties of DGEBA-based epoxy resin with nanoclay additives. Comput Struct 75:514–519
Fang X, Yang Z, Zhang S, Gao L, Ding M (2004) Synthesis and properties of polyimides derived from cis- and trans-1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydrides. Polymer 45:2539–2549
Amin KG, Patel MP, Patel RG (1999) Studies on the curing kinetics and thermal stability of the novel tetrafunctional epoxy resin N,N,N′N′-tetrakis(2,3-epoxy propyl)-4,4′-(1,4-phenylenedioxy)dianiline. Angew Makromol Chem 266:46–49
Mustata F, Bichu I (2000) Multifunctional epoxy resins: synthesis and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 77:2430–2436
Wu CS, Liu YL, Chiu YS (2002) Epoxy resins possessing flame retardant elements from silicon incorporated epoxy compounds cured with phosphorus or nitrogen containing curing agents. Polymer 43:4277–4284
Vengatesan MR, Devaraju S, Dinakaran K, Alagar M (2011) Studies on thermal and dielectric properties of organo clay and octakis (dimethylsiloxypropylglycidylether) silses-quioxane filled polybenzoxazine hybrid nanocomposites. Polym Compos 32:1701–1711
Ananda Kumar S, Denchev Z, Alagar M (2006) Synthesis and thermal characterization of phosphorus containing siliconized epoxy resins. Eur Polym J 42:2419–2429
Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T, Pinnavaia TJ, Beall GW (eds) (2000) Polymer-clay nanocomposites. Wiley, New York
Ratna D, Becker O, Krishnamurthy R, Simon GP, Varley RJ (2003) Nanocomposites based on a combination of epoxy resin, hyper branched epoxy and a layered silicate. Polymer 44:7449–7457
Liu T, Tjiu WC, Tong Y, He C, Goh SS, Chung T-S (2004) Morphology and fracture behavior of intercalated epoxy/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 94(3):1236–1244
Zainuddin S, Hosur MV, Zhou Y, Alfred Narteh T, Kumar A, Jeelani S (2010) Experimental and numerical investigations on flexure and thermal properties of nanoclay-epoxy nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 527:7920–7926
Chen C, Curliss D (2003) Processing and morphological development of montmorillonite epoxy nanocomposites. Nanotechnology 14:643–648
Xiao-An F, Qutubuddin S (2004) Synthesis of unsaturated polyester-clay nanocomposites using reactive organoclays. Polym Eng Sci 44:345–351
Wu CL, Zhang MQ, Ron MZ, Friedrich K (2002) Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites. Comput Sci Technol 62:1327–1340
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dhanapal, D., Selvarasu, V., Muthu karuppan, A. et al. Synthesis and Characterization of New Ether Linked Tetraglycidyl Epoxy Silicate Nanocomposites. Silicon 11, 2211–2221 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-014-9183-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-014-9183-5