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Combination of Ultrasonic-Assisted Cloud Point Extraction with Flame AAS for Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amounts of Silver and Cadmium in Dried Nut and Vegetable Samples

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Abstract

In this article, ultrasonic-assisted cloud point extraction (UA-CPE) was used to the preconcentration of trace Ag(I) and Cd(II) in dried nut and vegetable samples. After ion association of Ag(I) and Cd(II) ions with 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-phenaziniumchlorid (Safranin T) in the presence of excess potassium iodide (KI) at pH 6.0, the ternary complexes formed were quantitatively extracted into a micellar phase of poly(ethyleneglycol-mono-p-nonylphenylether) (PONPE 7.5) and then determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The matrix effects of possible some interfering ions on the method recovery and tolerance limits were also investigated. Under the optimized reagent conditions, the method was linearly dependent on the analyte concentrations in the range of 0.08–90 and 3–250 μg L−1 with limits of detection of 0.02 and 0.9 μg L−1 for Ag(I) and Cd(II), respectively. The reproducibility as the percent relative standard deviations (RSDs %) (0.5, 5.0, and 25 μg L−1 for Ag(I) and 15, 30, and 100 μg L−1 for Cd(II), n = 6) was lower than 3.6 % for both analytes. The accuracy of the method was controlled by analysis of two certified samples (SRM 1573a Tomato leaves and SRM 1643e Trace elements in waters) as well as recovery studies from spiked samples. It has been observed that the results obtained are in a good agreement with the certified values at confidence interval of 95 %. The method was successfully applied to determination of Ag(I) and Cd(II) in several dried nut and vegetable samples by FAAS after separation/preconcentration with UA-CPE.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. Mehmet Akçay for his meaningful helps and contributions in critical evaluation and publication step of the presented research article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cumhuriyet, 58140, Sivas, Turkey

    Ramazan Gürkan, Nail Altunay & Emre Yıldırım

Authors
  1. Ramazan Gürkan
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  2. Nail Altunay
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  3. Emre Yıldırım
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nail Altunay.

Ethics declarations

The authors have no financial relationship with the organization that sponsored the research.

Conflict of Interest

Ramazan Gürkan declares that he has no conflict of interest. Nail Altunay declares that he has no conflict of interest. Emre Yıldırım declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Informed Consent

On behalf of other authors, informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Highlights

✓ The detection limit of method is 0.02 and 0.9 μg L−1 for Ag(I) and Cd(II), respectively.

✓ The method is simple, low cost, and sensitive in accordance with the green chemistry concept.

✓ The parameters affecting UA-CPE efficiency were optimized before detection by FAAS.

✓ The method enables the determination of Ag(I) and Cd(II) in dried nuts and vegetables.

✓ The method shows satisfactory recovery and relative standard deviation values.

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Gürkan, R., Altunay, N. & Yıldırım, E. Combination of Ultrasonic-Assisted Cloud Point Extraction with Flame AAS for Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amounts of Silver and Cadmium in Dried Nut and Vegetable Samples. Food Anal. Methods 9, 3218–3229 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0505-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0505-7

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