Abstract
This research examines the role of reading and book club attendance in the lives of Irish and American women who read fiction and actively participate in women’s book clubs. This research utilized mixed methodology, including ethnographic observation, participation in book club meetings, and in-depth narrative interviews. I examined how women developed gendered sexual identities through reading and participation in women’s book clubs. Clear differences emerged in the different cultural contexts of each country, particularly as related to the role of reading in romantic relationships, as women in the United States were influenced to increase their status in order to potentially secure or retain a high-status romantic partner. At the same time, important key themes relating to the construction of sexuality were similar and central to women in both cultural environments. This research adds to our understanding of the sexual field by exploring the way women used reading and book club meetings to construct their own sexuality, as well as to increase their erotic habitus outside of the sexual field for increased erotic capital within the sexual field.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
See, for example, “Discreetly Digital, Erotic Novel Sets American Women Abuzz” The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/10/business/media/an-erotic-novel-50-shades-of-grey-goes-viral-with-women.html?_r=0 and “Books Women Read When No One Can See the Cover, The Wall Street Journal http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304450004577279622389208292.
Pseudonyms are used for all book club and participant names.
The role of the Catholic Church is incredibly important in understanding Irish ethnic identity and sexuality. A detailed examination of the Church falls beyond the scope of this paper, but should not be ignored. For further information about the role of Catholicism in Irish sexuality, see Ferriter (2009), Greene and Moane (2000), Hug (2001), Smith (2004), Williams (1999), Inglis (1997, 2005). To examine the role of the family in constructing and constraining gender and sexuality, see Conrad (2004), Hilliard (2003), Hoff and Coulter (1995), Meaney (1993), Radosh (2008), and Seward et al. (2005). For research about Irish college students and sexual identity, see Grey and Swain (1996), Stokes (2012). For further examination of the scandals in the Church, see Crowe (2008).
References
Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L. T., Armstrong, E. M., & Seeley, J. L. (2014). Good girls”: Gender, social class, and slut discourse on campus. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77, 100–122.
Crane, B., & Crane-Seeber, J. (2003). The four boxes of gendered sexuality: Good girl/bad girl and tough guy/sweet guy. In Sexual lives: A reader on the theories and realities of human sexualities. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Crowe, C. (2008). The ferns report. Éire-Ireland , 43(1), 50–73.
Conrad, K. A. (2004). Locked in the Family Cell: Gender, sexuality, and political agency in Irish national discourse. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
D’emilio, J. D., & Freedman, E. B. (2012). Intimate matters: A history of sexuality in America (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Edwards, K., & Brooks, A. K. (1999). The development of sexual identity. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 84, 49–57.
Ferriter, D. (2009). Occasions of sin: Sex and society in modern ireland. London: Profile Books.
Fischer, N. L. (2006). Purity and pollution: Sex as a moral discourse. In S. Seidman, M. Fischer, & C. Meeks (Eds.), Introducing the new sexuality studies (pp. 38–44). New York: Routledge.
Flynn, G. (2012). Gone girl. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Green, A. I. (2008a). The social organization of desire: The sexual fields approach. Sociological Theory, 26, 25–50.
Green, A. I. (2008b). Erotic habitus: Toward a sociology of desire. Theory and Society, 37, 597–626.
Green, A. I. (2011). Playing the (sexual) field: The interactional basis of systems of sexual stratification. Social Psychology Quarterly, 74, 244–266.
Green, A. I. (Ed.). (2013). Sexual fields: Toward a sociology of collective sexual life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Greene, S. M., & Moane, G. (2000). Growing up Irish: Changing children in a changing society. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 21(3), 122–137.
Grey, I., & Swain, R. B. (1996). Sexual and religious attitudes of Irish students. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 17(3), 213–227.
Griswold, W. (1987). The fabrication of meaning: Literary interpretation in the United States, Great Britain and the West Indies. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1077–1117.
Hamilton, L., & Armstrong, E. A. (2009). Gendered sexuality in young adulthood double binds and flawed options. Gender & Society, 23, 589–616.
Hennen, P. (2008). Faeries, bears, and leathermen: Men in community queering the masculine. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Hilliard, B. (2003). The catholic church and married women’s sexuality: Habitus change in late 20th century ireland. Irish Journal of Sociology, 12(2), 28–49.
Hoff, J. & Coulter, M. (1995). Irish women’s voices: Past and present (6th ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Hug, C. (2001). Moral order and the liberal agenda in the republic of ireland. New Hibernia Review/Iris Éireannach Nua, 5(4), 22–41.
Inglis, T. (1997). Foucault, bourdieu, and the field of irish sexuality. Irish Journal of Sociology, 7(5), 5–28.
Inglis, T. (2002). Sexual transgression and scapegoats: A case study from modern Ireland. Sexualities, 5, 5–24.
Inglis, T. (2005). Origins and legacies of Irish prudery: Sexuality and social control in modern Ireland. Eire-Ireland, 40, 9–37.
Jackson, S. (1993). Even sociologists fall in love: An exploration in the sociology of emotions. Sociology, 27, 201–220.
James, E. L. (2012). Fifty shades of grey. New York: Vintage Books.
Martin, J. L., & George, M. (2006). Theories of sexual stratification: Toward an analytics of the sexual field and a theory of sexual capital. Sociological Theory, 24, 107–132.
Meaney, G. (1993). Sex and nation: Women in irish culture and politics. In A. Smyth. Irish Women’s Studies Reader (pp. 230–244). Cork, IE: Attic Press.
Nagel, J. (2003). Race, ethnicity, and sexuality: Intimate intersections, forbidden frontiers. New York: Oxford University Press.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Eisenberg, M., & Lust, K. (2005). Weight-related issues and high-risk sexual behaviors among college students. Journal of American College Health, 54, 95–101.
Oliver, M. B., & Hyde, J. S. (1993). Gender differences in sexuality: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 29.
Radosh, P. F. (2008). Sara ruddick's theory of maternal thinking applied to traditional Irish mothering. Journal of Family History, 33(3), 304–315.
Radway, J. (1984). Reading the romance: Women, patriarchy, and popular literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Seidman, S. (2003). The social construction of sexuality. New York: Norton.
Seward, R. R., Stivers, R. A., Igoe, D. G., Amin, I., & Cosimo, D. (2005). Irish families in the twentieth century: Exceptional or converging? Journal of Family History, 30(4), 410–430.
Smith, J. M. (2004). The politics of sexual knowledge: The origins of ireland's containment culture and the carrigan report (1931). Journal of the History of Sexuality, 13(2), 208–233.
Stokes, S. (2012). The impact of raunch culture on the development of an autonomous female sexuality in Ireland. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Political Science and Sociology, National University of Ireland, Galway.
Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 53–79.
Weeks, J. (2003). Sexuality. London: Routledge.
Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1389–1401.
Williams, K. (1999). Faith and the nation: Education and religious identity in the republic of Ireland. British Journal of Educational Studies, 47(4), 317–331.
Wright, P. J., Bae, S., & Funk, M. (2013). United States women and pornography through four decades: Exposure, attitudes, behaviors, individual differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(7), 1131–1144.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Craig, C.M. Exploring Gendered Sexuality Through American and Irish Women’s Book Clubs. Sexuality & Culture 20, 316–335 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-015-9326-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-015-9326-x