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Role of Peroxynitrite-Induced Activation of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) in Circulatory Shock and Related Pathological Conditions

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Abstract

Peroxynitrite is a powerful oxidant, formed from the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide. It is known to interact and modify different biological molecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins leading to alterations in their structure and functions. These events elicit various cellular responses, including cell signaling, causing oxidative damage and committing cells to apoptosis or necrosis. This review discusses nitrosative stress-induced modification in the DNA molecule that results in the formation of 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxoguanine, and its role in disease conditions. Different approaches of cell death, such as necrosis and apoptosis, are modulated by cellular high-energy species, such as ATP and NAD+. High concentrations of peroxynitrite are known to cause necrosis, whereas low concentrations lead to apoptosis. Any damage to DNA activates cellular DNA repair machinery, like poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP-1, an isoform of PARP, is a DNA nick-sensing enzyme that becomes activated upon sensing DNA breakage and triggers the cleavage of NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and polymerizes the latter on nuclear acceptor proteins. Peroxynitrite-induced hyperactivation of PARP causes depletion of NAD+ and ATP culminating cell dysfunction, necrosis or apoptosis. This mechanistic pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including circulatory shock (which is characterized by cellular hypoxia triggered by systemic altered perfusion and tissue oxygen utilization leading end-organ dysfunction), sepsis and inflammation, injuries of the lung and the intestine. The cytotoxic effects of peroxynitrite centering on the participation of PARP-1 and ADP-ribose in previously stated diseases have also been discussed in this review.

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Abbreviations

dG:

Deoxyguanosine

PARP:

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

8-NitroG:

8-Nitroguanine

8-OxoG:

8-Oxoguanine

NI:

5-Guanidino-4-nitroimidazole

Iz:

2,5-Diamino-4H-imidazol-4-one

Oz:

2,2,4-Triamino-5(2H)-oxazolone

AAP:

Acetaminophen

5-AIQ:

5-Aminoisoquinoline

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

3AB:

3-Aminobenzamide

IR:

Ischemia–reperfusion

DNBS:

Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

TNBS:

Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

MODS:

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

HMGB1:

High-mobility group protein 1

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

PARG:

PAR glycohydrolase

NAD+ :

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized)

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Acknowledgements

One of the authors B. U. I. is thankful to UGC-MANF for financial support as Senior Research Fellow. Assistance from the Institution (AMU) as well as infrastructural support from DST-FIST to the department is also duly acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India

    Badar Ul Islam, Safia Habib,  Moinuddin & Asif Ali

  2. Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Moradabad, UP, India

    Syed Amaan Ali

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  1. Badar Ul Islam
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  2. Safia Habib
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Islam, B.U., Habib, S., Ali, S.A. et al. Role of Peroxynitrite-Induced Activation of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) in Circulatory Shock and Related Pathological Conditions. Cardiovasc Toxicol 17, 373–383 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-016-9394-7

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