Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cloning and Characterization of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Growth Hormone Gene and its Heterologous Expression

  • Published:
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is one of the fast-growing catfish of freshwater origin, and its growth is attributed by the action of growth hormone (GH). In this study, the growth hormone gene (PhGH) of 3.0 kb was characterized, and it is composed of five exons and four introns and having characteristics of an upstream region that contains TATA, CAAT boxes, and binding sites of important transcription factors like Pit-1a, CRE, CREB, CREBP, Ap-1, SP1, and TBP. The full-length cDNA sequence of 1,069 bp was isolated using RACE technique, and it is composed of untranslated regions of 60 and 403 bp at 5′ and 3′, respectively, with an open reading frame of 603 bp that encodes a putative polypeptide of 200 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 22.57 kDa. The precursor of PhGH is composed of 22 amino acid signal peptides and 178 amino acid mature peptides. Five conserved Cys residues (Cys71, Cys135, Cys173, Cys190, and Cys198) and two possible sites of N-glycosylation (145th and 197th) were detected on GH polypeptide. The PhGH gene showed more than 90 % sequence similarity with other catfishes, and the phylogeny constructed revealed the close proximity of Siluriformes fishes with Cypriniformes fishes. The PhGH gene was observed to be expressed predominantly in pituitary tissues while weekly expressed in extrapituitary tissues. Further, the recombinant PhGH was expressed in Escherichia coli using His-tag expression vector pET 32(a), and the recombinant protein of ~23 kDa was confirmed by western blotting. Our findings suggest that the identified functional GH gene would provide basic information in transgenic studies aiming for faster growth rate. This recombinant growth hormone (GH) may be produced in large scale to exploit its growth-promoting function in other cultured fishes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Khan, S., Hossaih, M. S., & Haque, M. M. (2009). Effects of feeding schedule and growth, production and economics of pangasiid catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) polyculture. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 7(1), 75–181.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Miller, L. F., Martial, J. A., & Baxter, J. D. (1980). Molecular cloning of DNA complementary to bovine growth hormone mRNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 255, 7521–7524.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rentier-Dulue, F., Swenner, D., Philippart J. C., L-Hoir, C., Lion, M., Benrubi, O., & Martial. (1989). Tilapia growth hormone: molecular cloning of cDNA and expression in E. coli. DNA, 8, 271-278.

  4. Sciara, A. A., Rubiolo, J. A., Somoza, G. M., & Arranz, S. E. (2006). Molecular cloning, expression and immunological characterization of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) growth hormone. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C, 142, 284–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Revol, A., Rodriguez, M. D. L. G., Montenegro, V. H., Aguilera, C., Saldana, H. B., & Mendoza, R. (2005). Cloning of the hormone cDNA of alligator gar Atractosteus spatula and its expression through larval development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 140(4), 423–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Venugopal, T., Mathavan, S., & Pandian, T. J. (2002). Molecular cloning of growth hormone encoding cDNA of Indian major carps by a modified rapid amplification of cDNA ends strategy. Journal of Biosciences, 27, 261–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kaplan, S. L. (1999), in Hormonal regulation of growth and metabolic effects of growth hormone, Handbook of Physiology, Section 7: The endocrine system, Volume V: Hormonal control of growth (Kostyo, J. L., Goodman, H. M., ed), Oxford University press, NY, pp. 129-143.

  8. Canosa, L. F., Chang, J. P., & Peter, R. E. (2007). Neuroendocrine control of growth hormone in fish. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 151, 1–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sara, V. R. (1991). Insulin like growth factor and fetal growth. Encyclopedia of Human Biology, 4, 503–511.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Chiou, C. S., Chen, H. T., & Chang, W. C. (1990). The complete nucleotide sequence of the growth-hormone gene from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1087, 91–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McLean, E., Donaldson, E. M., Teskeredzic, E., & Souza, L. M. (1993). Growth enhancement following dietary delivery of recombinant porcine somatotropin to diploid and triploid of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 11, 363–369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tsai, H. J., Kuo, J. C., Lou, S. W., & Kuo, T. (1994). Growth enhancement of juvenile striped mullet by feeding recombinant yeasts containing fish growth hormone. The Progressive Fish Fish- Culture, 56, 7–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pursel, V. G., Pinkert, C. A., Miller, K. F., Bolt, D. J., Campbell, R. G., Palmiter, R. D., Brinster, R. L., & Hammer, R. E. (1989). Genetic engineering of livestock. Science, 244, 1281–1288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Devlin, R. H., Sundstrom, L. F., & Muir, W. M. (2006). Interface of biotechnology and ecology for environmental risk assessment of transgenic fish. Trends in Biotechnology, 24, 89–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Devlin, R. H., Yesaki, T. Y., Biagi, C. A., Donaldson, E. M., Swanson, P., & Chan, W. K. (1994). Extraordinary salmon growth. Nature, 371, 209–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nam, Y. K., Noh, J. K., Cho, Y. S., Cho, H. J., Cho, K. N., Kim, C. G., & Kim, D. S. (2001). Dramatically accelerated growth and extraordinary gigantism of transgenic mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis. Transgenic Research, 10, 353–362.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Venktesh, B., & Brenner, S. (1997). Genomic structure and sequence of the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) growth hormone-encoding gene: a comparative analysis of teleost growth hormone gene. Gene, 187, 211–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Meier, K. M., Castano, C., Laurino, J., Levy, J. A., & Marins, L. F. (2006). cDNA cloning and phylogenetic analysis of growth hormone genes from the mullet Mugil Platanus (Mugilomorpha, Mugilidae) and halfbeak Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Atherinomorpha, Hemiramphidae). Atlantica, Rio Grande, 28(2), 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bart, H. L., Reneau, P. C. M., Doosey, M. H., & Bell, C. D. (2010). Evolutionary Divergence of duplicate copies of the growth hormone gene in suckers (Actinopterygii: Catostomidae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 1090–1102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chattopadhyay, N. R., Mazumder, B., & Mazumdar, B. (2002). Induced spawning of Pangasius sutchi with pituitary extract. Aquaculture Asia, 7(1), 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hallerman, E. M., McLean, E., & Flemming, I. A. (2007). Effects of growth hormone transgenes on the behavior and welfare of aquacultured fishes: a review of identifying research needs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 104, 265–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., & Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bendtsen, J. D., Nielsen, H., Von Heijine, G., & Brunak, S. (2004). Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0. Journal of Molecular Biology, 340(4), 783–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Thompson, T. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeamougian, F., & Higgins, D. (1997). The CLUSTAL X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 4876–4882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kumar, S., Dudley, J., Nei, M., & Tamura, K. (2008). MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 9, 299–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang, Y., Geer, L. Y., Chappey, C., Kans, J. A., & Bryant, S. H. (2000). Cn3D: sequence and structure views for entrez. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 25(6), 300–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yu, Y., Lee, C., Kim, J., & Hwang, S. (2005). Group-specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 89, 670–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Whelan, J. A., Russell, N. B., & Whelan, M. A. (2003). A method for the absolute quantification of cDNA using real-time PCR. Journal of Immunological Methods, 278(1–2), 261–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Saini, D. K., Pant, N., Das, T. K., & Tyagi, J. S. (2002). Cloning, over-expression, purification, and matrix-assisted refolding of DecS (Rv 3132c) Histidine protein kinase of Mycobacterium tuberclosis. Protein Expression and Purification, 25, 203–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lemaire, C., Wariat, S., & Panyin, S. (1994). Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas growth hormone-encoding cDNA: cloning and sequencing by one sided polymerase chain reaction. Gene, 49, 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Anathy, V., Venugopal, T., Koteeswaran, R., Pandian, T. J., & Mathavan, S. (2001). Cloning, sequencing and expression of cDNA encoding growth hormone from Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). Journal of Biosciences, 26(3), 315–324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rajesh, R., & Majumdar, K. C. (2008). The growth hormone encoding gene isolated and characterized from Labeo rohita (Hamilton) is expressed in CHO cells under the control of constitutive promoters in autotransgene constructs. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34(4), 13–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Jesus, E. G. T., Ayson, F. G., Amemiya, Y., Moriyama, S., Hyodo, S., Hirano, T., & Kawauchi, H. (2002). Milkfish (Chanos chanos) growth hormone cDNA cloning and mRNA expression in embryos and early larval stages. Aquaculture, 208, 177–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Yowe, D. L., & Epping, R. J. (1995). Cloning of the barramundi growth hormone-encoding gene: a comparative analysis of higher and lower vertebrate GH genes. Gene, 162, 255–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tanaka, M., Toma, Y., Ohkubo, T., Sudo, S., & Nakashima, K. (1995). Sequence of the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) growth hormone encoding gene and its promoter region. Gene, 165, 321–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tang, Y., Lim, C. M., Chen, T. T., Kawauchi, H., Dunham, R. A., & Powers, D. A. (1993). Structure of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) growth hormone gene and its evolutionary implications. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 4, 198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Barta, A., Richards, R. I., Baxter, J. D., & Shine, J. (1981). Primary structure and evolution of rat growth hormone gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78, 4867–4871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Almuly, R., Cavari, B., Ferstman, H., Kolodny, O., & Funkenstein, B. (2000). Genomic structure and sequence of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth hormone-encoding gene identification of minisatellite polymorphism in intron I. Genome, 43, 836–845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Devlin, R. H. (1993). Sequence of sockeye salmon type I and type II growth hormone gene and the relationship of rainbow trout with atlantic salmon and pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50, 1738–1748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ohkubo, T., Araki, M., Tanaka, M., Sudo, S., & Nakashima, K. (1996). Molecular cloning and characterization of the yellowtail GH gene and its promoter: a consensus sequence for teleost and avian Pit-1/ GHF-1 binding sites. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 16, 63–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ber, R., & Daniel, V. (1993). Sequence analysis suggests a recent duplication of growth hormone encoding gene in Tilapia nilotica. Gene, 125, 143–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Agellon, L. B., Daveis, S. L., Chen, T. T., & Powers, D. A. (1988). Structure of a fish (Rainbow trout) growth hormone gene and its evolutionary implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 5136–5140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Du, S. J., Devlin, R. H., & Hew, C. L. (1993). Genomic structure of growth hormone genes in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): presence of two functional genes, GH-I and GH-II, and a male-specific pseudogene, GH-psi. DNA and Cell Biology, 12, 739–751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Castrillo, J. L., Bodner, M., & Karin, M. (1989). Purification of growth hormone-specific transcription factor GHF-1 containing homeobox. Science, 243, 814–817.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Yamada, Y., Kagimoto, S., & Kubota, A. (1993). Cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterisation of a fourth (hSSTR4) and fifth (hSSTR5) human somatostatin receptor subtype. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 195, 844–852.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Argenton, F., Ramoz, N., Charlet, N., Bernardini, S., Colombo, L., & Bortolussi, M. (1996). Mechanisms of transcriptional activation of the promoter of the rainbow trout prolactin gene by GHF1/Pit1 and glucocorticoid. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 224, 57–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Brindle, P. K., & Montminy, M. R. (1992). The CREB family of transcription activators. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 2, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhang, D., Shao, Y., Jiang, S., Li, J., & Xu, X. (2009). Nibea coibor growth hormone gene: Its phylogenetic significance, microsatellite variation and expression analysis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 163, 233–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Argenton, F., Vianello, S., Bernardini, S., Jacquemin, P., Martial, J., Belayew, A., Colombo, L., & Bortolussi, M. (1993). The transcriptional regulation of the growth hormone gene is conserved in vertebrate evolution. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 192, 1360–1366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Patikoglou, G. A., Kim, J. L., Sun, L., Yang, S. H., Kodadek, T., & Burley, S. K. (1999). TATA element recognition by the TATA box-binding protein has been conserved throughout evolution. Genes & Development, 13, 3217–3230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Morgan, J. G., Courtois, G., Fourel, G., Chodosh, L. A., Campbell, L., Evans, E., & Crabtree, G. R. (1988). Sp1, a CAAT-binding factor, and the adenovirus major late promoter transcription factor interact with functional regions of the gamma-fibronogen promoter. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 8, 2628–2637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bucher, P. (1990). Weight matrix description of four eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoter elements derived from 502 unrelated promoter sequences. Journal of Molecular Biology, 212, 563–578.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Watahiki, M., Yamamoto, M., Yamakawa, M., Tanaka, M., & Nakashima, K. (1989). Conserved and unique amino acid residues in the domains of the growth hormones.Flounder growth hormone deduced from the cDNA sequence has the minimal size in the growth hormone prolactin gene family. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(1), 312–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Paladini, A. C., Pena, C., & Poskus, E. (1983). Molecular biology of growth hormone. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry, 15, 25–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Law, M. S., Cheng, K. W., Fung, T. K., Chan, Y. H., Yu, K. L., & Chan, K. M. (1996). Isolation and characterization of two distinct growth hormone cDNAs from the goldfish Carassius auratus. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 330, 19–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chang, Y., Liu, C., Huang, F., & Lo, T. (1992). The primary structures of growth hormones of three cyprinid species: Bighead carp, silver carp, and grass carp. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 87, 385–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pinheiro, J. S., Wolf, J., Araujo, R., & Hilsdorf, A. (2008). Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of growth hormone cDNA of Neotropical freshwater fish Pacu (Piractus mesop otamicus). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31, 381–384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sekine, S., Mizukami, T., Nishi, T., Kuwana, Y., Saito, A., Sato, M., Itoh, S., & Kawauchi, H. (1985). Cloning and expression of cDNA for salmon growth hormone in E. coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 82, 4306–4310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Vestling, M., Morphy, C., Fenselav, C., & Chen, T. T. (1991). Disulfide bonds in native and recombinant fish growth hormones. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 1, 73–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Fine, M., Sakal, E., Vashdi, D., Daniel, V., Levanon, A., & Lipshitz, O. (1993). Recombinant carp (Cyprinus carpio) growth hormone: expression, purification, and determination of biological activity in vitro and in vivo. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 89, 51–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fine, M., Daniel, V., Levanon, A., & Gertler, A. (1993). A short-time refolding procedure that dramatically increases the yields of recombinant monomeric carp growth hormone and its Cys123 Ala mutant implications for other proteins with an unpaired number of cysteine residues. Biotechnology Techniques, 7, 769–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Degani, G., Tzchori, I., Yom-Din, S., Goldberg, D., & Jackson, K. (2003). Growth differences and growth hormone expression in male and female European eels (Anguilla anguilla (L)). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 134, 88–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Abdel-Meguid, S. S., Shieh, H. S., Smith, W. W., Dayringer, H. E., Violand, B. N., & Bentle, L. A. (1987). Three-dimensional structure of genetically engineered variant of porcine growth hormone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84, 6434–6437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Carlacci, L., Chou, K. C., & Maggiora, G. M. (1991). A heuristic approach to predicting the tertiary structure of bovine somatotrophin. Biochemistry, 30, 4389–4398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Chunningham, B. C., Ultsch, M., de Vos, A. M., Mulkerrin, M. G., Clauser, K. R., & Wells, J. A. (1991). Dimerization of the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor by a single hormone molecule. Science, 254, 821–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Somers, W., Ultsch, M., Devos, A. M., & Kossiakoff, A. A. (1994). The X-ray structure of a growth hormone-prolactin receptor complex. Nature, 372, 478–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wallis, M. (1989). Species specificity and structure-function relationship of growth hormone. In R. B. Heap, C. G. Prosser, & G. E. Lamming (Eds.), Biotechnology in growth regulation (pp. 3–14). London: Butterworths.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  68. Marins, F. F., Levy, J. A., Folch, J. M., & Armand, S. (2003). A growth hormone-based phylogenetic analysis of euteleostean fishes including a representative species of the Atheriniformes Order, Odontesthes argentinensis. Genet and Molecular Biology, 26(3), 295–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Chen, Y., Wang, Y., He, S., & Zhu, Z. (2004). Cloning and sequencing of the growth hormone gene of large yellow croacker and its phylogenetic significance. Biochemical Genetics, 42(9–10), 365–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Moriyama, O. M., Takahash, A., Sower, S. A., & Kawauchi, H. (2006). Genomic structure of the sea lamprey growth hormone encoding gene. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 148, 33–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nyberg, F. (1996). Growth hormone and its receptors in the central nervous system location and functional significance. Hormone Research, 45, 18–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Harvey. (2010). Extrapituitary growth hormone. Endocrine, 38(3), 335–359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Caelers, A., Berishvili, G., Meli, M. L., Eppler, E., & Reinecke, M. (2004). Establishment of a real-time RT-PCR for the determination of absolute amount of IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression in liver and extrahepatic sites of the tilapia. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 137, 196–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Yang, B. Y., Green, M., & Chen, T. T. (1999). Earlier embryonic expression of the growth hormone family protein genes in the developing rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 53, 127–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mori, T., & Delvin, R. H. (1999). Transgene and host growth hormone gene expression in pituitary and nonpituitary tissues of normal and growth hormone transgenic salmon. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 149, 129–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yada, T. (2007). Growth hormone and fish immune system. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 152(2), 353–358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Funkenstein, B., Dyman, A., Lapidot, Z., de Jesus-Ayson, E. G., Gertler, A., & Ayson, F. G. (2005). Expression and purification of a biologically active recombinant rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) growth hormone. Aquaculture, 250, 504–515.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Promdonkoy, B., Warit, S., & Panyim, S. (2004). Production of a biologically active growth hormone from giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology Letters, 26, 649–653.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Tsai, H. J., Tseng, F. S., & Liao, L. C. (1995). Electroporation of sperm to introduce foreign DNA in to genome of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 776–787.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Caelers, A., Maclean, N., Hwang, G., Eppler, E., & Reinecke, M. (2005). Expression of endogenous and exogenous growth hormone (GH) mRNA in a GH-transgenic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Transgenic Research, 14, 95–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Piyaviriyakul, P., Panyim, S., & Eurwilaichitr, L. (2002). High intracellular expression of giant catfish growth hormone under the control of PGK promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 18, 773–777.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Sivashanmugam, A., Murray, V., Cui, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Li, Q. (2009). Practical protocols for production of very high yields of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli. Protein Science, 18(5), 936–948.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Tripathi, N. K., Sathyaseelan, K., Jana, A. M., & Rao, P. V. L. (2009). High Yield Production of Heterologous Proteins with Escherichia coli. Defence Science Journal, 59(2), 137–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

We are grateful to Dr. Avinash Mishra, Scientist, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India, for his excellent technical support in data analysis during the research work. We are thankful to the Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India, who provided all facilities and constant support to carry out the research work. This work was supported by a grant from Indian council of agricultural research (ICAR), New Delhi, India.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Megarajan Sekar

    Present address: Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530 003, India

  2. Shiva Dhar Singh

    Present address: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), KAB-II, Pusa, New Delhi, 110 012, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400 061, India

    Megarajan Sekar, Shiva Dhar Singh & Subodh Gupta

Authors
  1. Megarajan Sekar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shiva Dhar Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Subodh Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Megarajan Sekar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sekar, M., Singh, S.D. & Gupta, S. Cloning and Characterization of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Growth Hormone Gene and its Heterologous Expression. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 173, 1446–1468 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0946-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0946-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation