Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physicochemical Properties of Films Based on Bovine Gelatin Cross-linked with 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Food and Bioprocess Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effectiveness of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE) as a cross-linking agent of bovine gelatin films plasticized with D-sorbitol intended for food packaging is reported. Free-standing films were produced by casting gelatin film-forming solutions containing D-soritol 30 % (g/100 g dry gelatin) and variable amounts of BDDGE (0–3 g/100 g dry gelatin). The addition of 1 % BDDGE (g/100 g dry gelatin) positively influenced the solubility, water vapor permeability, and mechanical properties of the produced films. Water solubility decreased about 77 %; the water vapor permeability enhanced 20 %, and the stretching ability increased 11 times while the tensile strength was reduced up to 7-fold with regard to the non-cross-linked counterpart. A simple extraction procedure was applied to remove the potential un-reacted BDDGE and its hydrolysis products from BDDGE-treated gelatin films. Quantification was performed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), being lower than 0.25 μg/kg (below the limit of detection, 0.30 μg/L). Results suggested that water-soluble BDDGE may provide an effective cross-linking alternative to the usual aldehyde-based strategy to manufacture gelatin films with potential use as biodegradable food packaging materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bergo, P., & Sobral, P. J. A. (2007). Effects of plasticizer on physical properties of pigskin gelatin films. Food Hydrocolloids, 21, 1285–1289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigi, A., Cojazzi, G., Panzavolta, S., Rubini, K., & Roveri, N. (2001). Mechanical and thermal properties of gelatine films at different degrees of glutaraldehyde crosslinking. Biomaterials, 22, 763–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colthup, N. B., Daly, L. H., & Wiberley, S. E. (1964). Introduction to infrared and Raman spectroscopy (p. 547). New York-London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission Regulation (EC) No 1895/2005 of 18 November 2005 on the restriction of use of certain epoxy derivatives in materials and articles intended to come into contact with food.

  • De Boulle, K., Glogau, R., Kono, T., Nathan, M., Tezel, A., Roca-Martinez, J.-X., Paliwal, S., & Stroumpoulis, D. (2013). A review of the metabolism of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether–crosslinked hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Dermatologic Surgery, 39, 1758–1766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Carvalho, R. A., & Grosso, C. R. F. (2004). Characterization of gelatin based films modified with transglutaminase, glyoxal and formaldehyde. Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 717–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Franco, C. R., Cyras, V. P., Busalmen, J. P., Ruseckaite, R. A., & Vazquez, A. (2004). Degradation of polycaprolactone/starch blends and composites with sisal fiber. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 86, 95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di, Y., & Heath, R. J. (2009). Collagen stabilization and modification using a polyepoxide triglycidyl isocyanurate. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94, 1684–1692.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enea, D., Henson, F., Kew, S., Wardale, J., Getgood, A., Brooks, R., & Rushton, N. (2011). Extruded collagen fibres for tissue engineering applications: effect of crosslinking method on mechanical and biological properties. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 22, 1569–1578.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flory, P. J., & Rehner, J. (1943). Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks II. Swelling. Journal of Chemical Physics, 11, 521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gennadios, A. (2002). Protein-based films and coatings. In A. Gennadios (Ed.), Soft Gelatine Capsules (chapter 16) (1st ed.). UK: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Estaca, J., Gomez-Guillen, M. C., Fernandez-Martín, F., & Montero, P. (2011). Effects of gelatin origin, bovine-hide and tuna-skin, on the properties of compound gelatin-chitosan films. Food Hydrocolloids, 25, 1461–1469.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, J., Ge, L., Li, X., Mu, C., & Li, D. (2014). Periodate oxidation of xanthan gum and its crosslinking effects on gelatin-based edible films. Food Hydrocolloids, 39, 243–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, B., Tummalapallia, M., Deopura, B. L., & Alam, M. S. (2014). Preparation and characterization of in-situ crosslinked pectin-gelatin hydrogels. Carbohydrate Polymers, 106, 312–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) (1999). Métabolisme et toxicocin étique chez l’animal in: Ethers de glycol : Quels risques pour la santé? Rapport. Paris: Les éditions Inserm, XIII-348p. (Expertise collective). ISBN 2-85598-761-X, ISSN 1264-1782. http://hdl.handle.net/10608/193. Cap II- pp. 21–39.

  • Irwin, R. D. (1996). NTP summary report on the metabolism, disposition, and toxicity of 1,4-butanediol. National toxicology program toxicity report series, 54, 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuijpers, A. J., Engbers, G. H. M., Feijen, J., De Smedt, S. C., Meyvis, T. K. L., Demeester, J., Krijgsveld, J., Zaat, S. A. J., & Dankert, J. (1999). Characterization of the network structure of carbodiimide cross-linked gelatin gels. Macromolecules, 32, 3325–3333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martucci, J. F. (2008). Structure-properties relationship of materials based on gelatin. Doctoral Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

  • Martucci, J. F., & Ruseckaite, R. A. (2009). Preparation, barrier properties mechanical properties of biodegradable compression-molded gelatin–dialdehyde starch films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112, 2166–2178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martucci, J. F., Accareddu, A., & Ruseckaite, R. A. (2012). Preparation and characterization of plasticized gelatin films cross-linked with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Journal of Materials Science, 47, 2382–3292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Materials Safety Data. URL: http//www.loockchem.com, (accessed August 5, 2014).

  • McHugh, T. H., Avena-Bustillos, R., & Krotcha, J. M. (1993). Hydrophilic edible films: modified procedure for water vapor permeability and explanation of thickness effects. Journal of Food Science, 58, 899–903.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morillon, V., Debeaufort, F., Blond, G., Capelle, M., & Voilley, A. (2002). Factors affecting the moisture permeability of lipid-based edible films: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science, 42, 67–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoletti, A., Fiorini, M., Paolillo, J., Dolcini, L., Sandri, M., & Pressato, D. (2013). Effects of different crosslinking conditions on the chemical–physical properties of a novel bio-inspired composite scaffold stabilised with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE). Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 24(1), 17–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NIST/EPA/NIH (2008). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) / US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Mass Spectral Database, Standard Reference Database 1, 1992; NIST 08, Standard Reference Database 1, 2008, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg.

  • Núñez-Flores, R., Giménez, B., Fernández-Martín, F., López-Caballero, M. E., Montero, M. P., & Gómez-Guillén, M. C. (2013). Physical and functional characterization of active fish gelatin films incorporated with lignin. Food Hydrocolloids, 39, 243–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. W., Whiteside, W. S., & Yong, S. (2008). Mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of extruded and heat-pressed gelatin films. Lesco’s Warcraft Toolkit, 41, 692–700.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patil, R. D., Mark, J. E., Apostolov, A., Vassileva, E., & Fakirov, S. (2000). Crystallization of water in some crosslinked gelatins. European Polymer Journal, 36, 1055–1061.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhim, J. W., Gennadios, A., Weller, C. L., Cezeirat, C., & Hanna, M. A. (1998). Soy protein isolate dialdehyde starch films. Industrial Crops and Products, 8, 195–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robergs, R. A., & Griffin, S. E. (1998). Glycerol: biochemistry, pharmacokinetics and clinical and practical applications. Sports Medicine, 26, 145–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, I. D. (1964). Rate of crosslinking of gelatin in aqueous solution. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 8, 1903–1918.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobral, P. J. A., Menegalli, F. C., Hubinger, M. D., & Roques, M. A. (2001). Mechanical, water vapour permeability and thermal properties of gelatine based edible films. Food Hydrocolloids, 15, 423–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., Li, L., & Zheng, Q. (2009). Influence of epichlorohydrine modification on structure and properties of wheat gliadin films. Journal of Food and Agriculture, 57, 2295–2301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung, H.-W., Huang, D.-M., Chang, W.-H., Huang, R.-N., & Hsu, J.-C. (1999). In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of a naturally occurring cross-linking reagent for biological tissue fixation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 46, 520–530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vargas, G., Acevedo, J. L., López, J., & Romero, J. (2008). Study of cross-linking of gelatin by ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. Materials Letters, 62, 3656–3658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeeman R. (1998). Cross-linking of collagen-based materials. Thesis University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. ISBN: 90 365 1207 7.

  • Zhang, J., Ma, X., Fan, D., Zhu, C., Deng, J., Hui, J., & Ma, P. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of hyaluronic acid/human-like collagen hydrogels. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 43, 547–554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, Z., Sun, X.-Z. S., & Wang, D. (2007). Isoelectric pH of polyamide–epichlorohydrin modified soy protein improved water resistance and adhesion properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103, 2261–2270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was financed by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, grant number PIP 112-201101-00637) and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT, grant number PICT 2010-1791) of Argentina. Authors want to express their gratitude to Rousselot (Argentina) for kindly providing the bovine gelatin used in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, 7600, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Josefa F. Martucci, Juan P. Espinosa & Roxana A. Ruseckaite

Authors
  1. Josefa F. Martucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Juan P. Espinosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Roxana A. Ruseckaite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roxana A. Ruseckaite.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Martucci, J.F., Espinosa, J.P. & Ruseckaite, R.A. Physicochemical Properties of Films Based on Bovine Gelatin Cross-linked with 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether. Food Bioprocess Technol 8, 1645–1656 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-015-1524-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-015-1524-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation