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The Underlying Chemistry of Electronegative LDL’s Atherogenicity

  • Genetics (AJ Marian, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) found in human plasma is highly atherogenic, and its level is elevated in individuals with increased cardiovascular risk. In this review, we summarize the available data regarding the elevation of the levels of electronegative LDL in the plasma of patients with various diseases. In addition, we discuss the harmful effects and underlying mechanisms of electronegative LDL in various cell types. We also highlight the known biochemical properties of electronegative LDL that may contribute to its atherogenic functions, including its lipid and protein composition, enzymatic activities, and structural features. Given the increasing recognition of electronegative LDL as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, key future goals include the development of a standard method for the detection of electronegative LDL that can be used in a large-scale population survey and the identification and testing of strategies for eliminating electronegative LDL from the blood.

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Acknowledgments

Our work described in this review was supported in part by grants from the American Diabetes Association (1-04-RA-13), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-63364), Merck/Schering-Plough Pharmaceuticals (research grant), the Mao-Kuei Lin Research Fund of Chicony Electronics, the National Science Council (NSC 100-2314-B-039-040-MY3), and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (research grant 101-KMUH-M047).

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Conflict of Interest

Liang-Yin Ke, Nicole Stancel, Henry Bair, and Chu-Huang Chen declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Liang-Yin Ke, Nicole Stancel, Henry Bair & Chu-Huang Chen

  2. Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan

    Liang-Yin Ke & Chu-Huang Chen

  3. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shis-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan

    Liang-Yin Ke

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Rice University, 6320 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA

    Henry Bair

  5. L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Chu-Huang Chen

  6. Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Chu-Huang Chen

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  1. Liang-Yin Ke
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  2. Nicole Stancel
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  4. Chu-Huang Chen
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Correspondence to Chu-Huang Chen.

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Liang-Yin Ke and Nicole Stancel contributed equally to the article.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Genetics

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Ke, LY., Stancel, N., Bair, H. et al. The Underlying Chemistry of Electronegative LDL’s Atherogenicity. Curr Atheroscler Rep 16, 428 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-014-0428-y

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