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Willow resistance to a galling insect is driven by a lack of induced susceptibility not an induced defense

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Abstract

Gall-forming insects need to manipulate host plant’s growth to access food resources. Because of this intimate relationship, a hypersensitive response (HR) is thought to be an important plant defense mechanism to kill the insect before a gall is formed. Few data exist, however, that unambiguously demonstrate that HR is causally linked to resistance against galling insects. Variation in Salix viminalis resistance to the gall midge Dasineura marginemtorquens is governed by only a few genes. Although the HR is considered to be an important resistance mechanism, an earlier study based on quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of data sets in which resistance was expressed, has shown that larval mortality is related to a single locus in a genomic region that does not contain a locus for HR, thus challenging previous suppositions that resistance is causally linked to the expression of a HR. The present study aims to test whether or not a HR causes the observed variation in willow resistance to D. marginemtorquens. By increasing the number of markers in the genomic region of interest and reanalyzing the QTL, we have enhanced the level of resolution, so permitting a more conclusive analysis than has previously been possible. The analysis identifies two genomic regions responding to gall midge attack. Importantly, the locus for resistance (measured as neonate larval mortality) and the locus for the HR are located in different regions, strongly contradicting the induced defense hypothesis. The analysis found that resistance and susceptibility were highly correlated because the allele associated with resistance was also associated with an absence of galls. It is suggested that a lack of induced susceptibility, rather than induced defense, explains the ‘resistance’ of S. viminalis to D. marginemtorquens.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Pascal Pucholt for designing the primers with the perl script, and anonymous reviewers who commented on an earlier draft of this article. This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Solveig Höglund & Stig Larsson

  2. Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, Box 7080, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ann Christin Rönnberg-Wästljung & Sofia Berlin

  3. Alby-Fasternavägen 96, 762 96, Rånäs, Sweden

    Solveig Höglund

Authors
  1. Solveig Höglund
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  2. Ann Christin Rönnberg-Wästljung
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  3. Sofia Berlin
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  4. Stig Larsson
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Correspondence to Solveig Höglund.

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Handling Editor: John F. Tooker.

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Höglund, S., Rönnberg-Wästljung, A.C., Berlin, S. et al. Willow resistance to a galling insect is driven by a lack of induced susceptibility not an induced defense. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 9, 447–455 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-015-9389-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-015-9389-5

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