Abstract
Black feminist theory has been employed in North American historical archaeology, but has not made inroads in other areas of archaeology. This article describes how Black feminist theory may be used to address the sociopolitics of archaeological practice as well as how it may be applied to the study of prehistory. Suggestions for improving the climate for minority researchers are provided, and a brief example is given demonstrating how taking a Black feminist standpoint provides a different way to look at interactions between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans in Pleistocene Europe.
Résumé
Les théories du féminisme Noir ont été utilisées dans l’archéologie historique d’Amérique du Nord, mais ils n’ont pas franchis autres sujets en archéologie. Cet article décrit comment le féminisme Noir peut être utilisé pour affronter le politique social des pratiques de l’archéologie et comment on peut appliquer ces théories à l’étude de la préhistoire. Je suggère des moyens pour améliorer le climat du travail pour les chercheurs minoritaires, et un exemple bref qui montre comment un point de vue féministe Noire donne une autre vue sur les interactions entre les Néandertaliens et les humains modernes dans le Pléistocène de l’Europe.
Resumen
La teoría feminista Negra ha sido utilizada en la arqueología histórica norteamericana, pero no ha hecho incursiones en otras áreas de la arqueología. El presente artículo describe cómo la teoría feminista Negra puede ser utilizada para abordar la sociopolítica de la práctica arqueológica y también cómo puede ser aplicada al estudio de la prehistoria. Se proporcionan sugerencias para mejorar las condiciones de los investigadores de minorías, y se ofrece un breve ejemplo que demuestra cómo el asumir un punto de vista feminista Negro proporciona una forma diferente de ver las interacciones entre los neandertales y los humanos anatómicamente modernos en la Europa del Pleistoceno.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abi-Rached, L., Jobin, M. J., Kulkarni, S., McWhinnie, A., Dalva, K., Gragert, L., Babrzadeh, F., Gharizadeh, B., Luo, M., Plummer, F. A., Kimani, J., Carrington, M., Middleton, D., Rajalingam, R., Beksac, M., Marsh, S. G. E., Maiers, M., Guethlein, L. A., Tavoularis, S., Little, A.-M., Green, R. E., Norman, P. J., Parham, P. 2011. The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans. Science 334(6052):89–94.
Agbe-Davies, A.S. 2002. Black Scholars, Black Pasts. SAA Archaeological Record, pp. 24–28.
Agbe-Davies, A.S. 2003. Conversations: Archaeology and the Black Experience (Interview). In Archaeology, vol. 56, pp. 22. Archaeological Institute of America, Boston.
Arya, R. 2012. Black Feminisms in the Academy. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion 31(5):556–572.
Association Research Inc. 2011. Report on the 2010 Member Needs Assessment Survey conducted for the Society for American Archaeology.
Atalay, S. 2006. Indigenous Archaeology as Decolonizing Practice. American Indian Quarterly 30(3/4):280–310.
Atalay, S. (2008) Multivocality and Indigenous Archaeologies. In Evaluating Multiple Narratives: Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologiespp. 29–44, edited by J. Habu, C. Fawcettand J.M. Matsunaga, SpringerNew York.,
Atalay, S. (2012) Community-Based Archaeology: Research with, by, and for Indigenous and Local Communities, University of California PressBerkeley.,
Bailey, S. E., Hublin, J.-J. 2006. Dental Remains from the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne). Journal of Human Evolution 50(5):485–508.
Battle-Baptiste, W. (2011) Black Feminist Archaeology, Left Coast PressWalnut Creek, CA.,
Bolles, A. L. (2001) Seeking the Ancestors: Forging a Black Feminist Tradition in Anthropology. In Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poeticspp. 24–48, edited by I McClaurin, Rutgers University PressNew Brunswick, NJ.,
Bolles, L. 2013. Telling the Story Straight: Black Feminist Intellectual Thought in Anthropology. Transforming Anthropology 21(1):57–71.
Brodkin, K. (1998) How Jews Became White Folks and What that Says About Race in America, Rutgers University PressNew Brunswick, NJ.,
Brodkin, K. 2000. 1998 AES Keynote Address: Global Capitalism: What’s Race Got to Do with It? American Ethnologist 27(2):237–256.
Brodkin, K., Morgen, S., Hutchinson, J. 2011. Anthropology as White Public Space? American Anthropologist 113(4):545–556.
Buck, P. D. 2012. Whither Whiteness? Empire, State, and the Re-Ordering of Whiteness. Transforming Anthropology 20(2):105–117.
Bunch-Lyons, B. A. 2000. A Novel Approach: Using Fiction by African American Women to Teach Black Women’s History. The Journal of American History 86(4):1700–1708.
Byrd, R. P., Guy-Sheftall, B. (2001) Traps: African American Men on Gender and Sexuality, Indiana University PressBloomington, IN.,
Cell, J. W. (1982) The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South, Cambridge University PressCambridge, NY.,
Christian, B. (1994) Diminishing Returns: Can Black Feminism(s) Survive the Academy? In Multiculturalism: A Critical Readerpp. 168–179, edited by DT Goldberg, BlackwellBoston.,
Cole, J.B. and B. Guy-Sheftall. 2004. Gender Talk: The Struggle for Women’s Equality in African American Communities. 1st Trade pbk. ed. Ballantine Books, New York.
Collins, P. H. 1989. The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought. Signs 14(4):745–773.
Collins, P. H. (1998) Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Contradictions of Modernity, University of Minnesota PressMinneapolis.,
Collins, P. H. (2000) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment1st, Perspectives on Gender, RoutledgeNew York.,
Collins, P. H. 2001. What’s in a Name? Womanism, Black Feminism, and Beyond. The Black Scholar 26(1):9–17.
Collins, P. H. (2004) Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and The New Racism, RoutledgeNew York.,
Condemi, S., Mounier, A., Giunti, P., Lari, M., Caramelli, D., Longo, L. 2013. Possible Interbreeding in Late Italian Neanderthals? New Data from the Mezzena Jaw (Monti Lessini, Verona, Italy). PLoS ONE 8(3):e59781.
Conkey, M. W. 2005. Dwelling at the Margins, Action at the Intersection?: Feminist and Indigenous Archaeologies. Archaeologies 1(1):9–80.
Conkey, M. W., Spector, J. D. 1984. Archaeology and the Study of Gender. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7:1–32.
Coon, C. S. (1939) The Races of Europe, Macmillan CompanyNew York.,
Coontz, S. (2011) A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s, Basic BooksNew York.,
Crenshaw, K. 1991. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review 43(6):1241–1299.
Currat, M., and L. Excoffier 2011. Strong Reproductive Isolation Between Humans and Neanderthals Inferred from Observed Patterns of Introgression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(37):15129–15134.
d’Errico, F., Zilhão, Joao, Julien, Michèle, Baffier, Dominique, Pelegrin, Jacques 1998. Neanderthal Acculturation in Western Europe? A Critical Review of the Evidence and Its Interpretation. Current Anthropology 39(S1):S1–S44.
d’Errico, F., M. Julien, D. Liolios, M. Vanhaeren and D. Baffier 2003. Many Awls in Our Argument. Bone Tool Manufacture and Use in the Châtelperronian and Aurignacian Levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. In The Chronology of the Aurignacian and the Transitional Technocomplexes—Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications, edited by J. Zilhão and F. d’Errico, pp. 247–270. Instituto Portugueˆs de Arqueologia, Lisbon.
Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2 vols. D. Appleton and Company, New York.
Demay, L., Péan, S., Patou-Mathis, M. 2012. Mammoths Used as Food and Building Resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological Study Applied to Layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine). Quaternary International 276–277:212–226.
Díaz-Andreu, M. (2007) A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past. Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology, Oxford University PressOxford.,
Díaz-Andreu, M., Champion, T. (1996) Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe: An Introduction. In Nationalism and Archaeology in Europepp. 1–23, edited by M Díaz-Andreuand T Champion, Westview PressBoulder, CO.,
Dobres, M.-A. 1988. Feminist Archaeology and Inquiries into Gender Relations: Some Thoughts on Universals, Origins Stories, and Alternative Paradigms. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 7(1):30–44.
Dogandžić, T., McPherron, S. P. 2013. Demography and the Demise of Neandertals: A Comment on ‘Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-Modern Human Transition’. Journal of Human Evolution 64(4):311–313.
Du Bois, W. E. B. 1994 [1903]. The Souls of Black Folk (Dover Thrift Editions). Dover, New York.
duCille, A. 1994. The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanor and Black Feminist Studies. Signs 19(3):591–629.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1995) Gender, Race and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of ‘Hottentot’ Women in Europe, 1815–1817. In Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culturepp. 19–48, edited by J Terryand J Urla, Indiana University PressBloomington, IN.,
Flewellen, A. 2011. Representations of Black Women in Museum Exhibits and the Dissemination of Gendered Knowledge. Unpublished Honors thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,
Florence, N. 1998. Bell Hooks’ Engaged Pedagogy: A Transgressive Education for Critical Consciousness. Critical Studies in Education and Culture. Bergin & Garvey, Westport, Conn.
Franklin, M. 1997a. “Power to the People”: Sociopolitics and the Archaeology of Black Americans. Historical Archaeology 31(3):36–50.
Franklin, M. 1997b. Why are There So Few Black American Archaeologists? Antiquity 71(274):799–801.
Franklin, M. 2001. A Black Feminist-Inspired Archaeology? Journal of Social Archaeology 1(1):108–125.
Gamble, C. (1999) The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe. Cambridge World Archaeology, Cambridge University PressCambridge.,
Gero, J. M. 1985. Socio-Politics and the Woman-at-Home Ideology. American Antiquity 50(2):342–350.
Gero, J. M. (1991) Gender Divisions of Labor in the Construction of Archaeological Knowledge. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Chacmool Conferencepp. 96–102, edited by D Waldeand ND Willows, The Archaeological Association of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta.,
Gero, J.M. 1994. Excavation Bias and the Woman at Home Ideology. In Equity Issues for Women in Archeology, edited by M. C. Nelson, S. M. Nelson and A. Wylie, pp. 37–42. Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 5. American Anthropological Association, Arlington, VA.
Goldberg, D. T. (2002) The Racial State, Blackwell PublishersMalden, MA.,
Gordon-Reed, A. (1997) Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy, University of Virginia PressCharlottesville, VA.,
Gordon-Reed, A. (2008) The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family, W.W. NortonNew York.,
Gordon, L. 2008. Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890–1945. In Unequal Sisters: an Inclusive Reader in US Women’s History, edited by V. W. Ruiz and E. C. DuBois, pp. 221–247. Routledge, New York.
Gravlee, C. C. 2009. How Race Becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(1):47–57.
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., Hansen, N. F., Durand, E. Y., Malaspinas, A.-S., Jensen, J. D., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Prüfer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H. A., Good, J. M., Schultz, R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Höber, B., Höffner, B., Siegemund, M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E. S., Russ, C., Novod, N., Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan, Ž., Gušic, I., Doronichev, V. B., Golovanova, L. V., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R. W., Johnson, P. L. F., Eichler, E. E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikin, J. C., Slatkin, M., Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., Pääbo, S. 2010. A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328(5979):710–722.
Hamilakis, Y. 2012. Are We Postcolonial Yet? Tales from the Battlefield. Archaeologies 8(1):67–76.
Hanen, M., Kelley, J. (1992) Gender and Archaeological Knowledge. In Metaarchaeology: Relfections by Archaeologists and Philosophers. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Sciencepp. 195–227, edited by L. Embree, KluwerBoston.,
Haraway, D. 1988. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies 14(3):575–599.
Harris-Perry, M. V. (2011) Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America, Yale University PressNew Haven.,
Harris, A. P. and C. G. González 2012. Introduction. In Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia, edited by G. Gutiérrez y Muhs, Y. F. Niemann, C. G. González and A. P. Harris, pp. 1–19. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.
Harrison, F. V. (1997) Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further Toward an Anthropology of Liberation2nd, Association of Black Anthropologists, American Anthropological AssociationArlington, VA.,
Hartigan, J. Jr 1997. Establishing the Fact of Whiteness. American Anthropologist 99(3):495–505.
Hartigan, J. Jr. (2005) Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People, Duke University PressDurham NC.,
Hawks, J., Wolpoff, M. H. 2001. Brief Communication: Paleoanthropology and the Population Genetics of Ancient Genes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114(3):269–272.
Higginbotham, E. B. 1992. African-American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race. Signs 17(2):251–274.
Higham, T., Jacobi, R., Julien, M., David, F., Basell, L., Wood, R., Davies, W., Ramsey, C. B. 2010. Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and Implications for the Context of Ornaments and Human Remains within the Châtelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(47):20234–20239.
Hong, G. K. 2008. “The Future of Our Worlds”: Black Feminism and the Politics of Knowledge in the University under Globalization. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 8(2):95–115.
hooks, b. (1981) Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, South End PressBoston.,
hooks, B. (1989) Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black, South End PressBoston, MA.,
hooks, B. (1994) Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom, RoutledgeNew York.,
hooks, B. (2003) Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope, RoutledgeNew York.,
Hublin, J.-J., Talamo, S., Julien, M., David, F., Connet, N., Bodu, P., Vandermeersch, B., Richards, M. P. 2012. Radiocarbon Dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire Support a Neandertal Origin for the Châtelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(46):18743–18748.
Hull, G. T., Bell-Scott, P., Smith, B. (1982) All the Women are White, all the Blacks are Men, But Some of us are Brave: Black Women’s Studies, Feminist PressOld Westbury, NY.,
Hutchinson, J., C.T. Patterson, N. Adra, K. Brodkin, C.G. Montera, S. Morgen, Y. Moses, L. Mullings and R. Watkins 2010. Final Report 2010: Commission on Race and Racism in Anthropology (CRRA). American Anthropological Association.
Ignatiev, N. (1995) How the Irish Became White, RoutledgeNew York.,
Jacobs, H. A., Child, L. M. F. (1861) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Pub. for the authorBoston.,
King, K. (1990) Producing Sex, Theory, and Culture: Gay/Straight Remappings in Contemporary Feminism. In Conflicts in Feminismpp. 82–101, edited by M Hirschand EF Keller, RoutledgeNew York.,
Kohl, P. L., Fawcett, C. P. (1995) Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, Cambridge University PressCambridge, NY.,
Kuhn, S. L., Stiner, M. C. 2006. What’s a Mother to Do? Current Anthropology 47(6):953–980.
Leone, M. P. 1995. A Historical Archaeology of Capitalism. American Anthropologist 97(2):251–268.
Lewis, G. 2013. Only Connect? The Difficult Imperatives of Being Minor. European Journal of Women’s Studies 20(1):3–7.
Lloyd, S. 2013. Sara Baartman and the “Inclusive Exclusions” of Neoliberalism. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 11(2):212–237.
Lorde, A. (1984) Sister Outsider, Crossing PressFreedom, CA.,
Lorde, A., Byrd, R. P., Cole, J. B., Guy-Sheftall, B. (2009) I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde. Transgressing boundaries, Oxford University PressOxford, NY.,
McClaurin, I. (2001) Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics, Rutgers University PressNew Brunswick, NJ.,
McGhee, R. 2008. Aboriginalism and the Problems of Indigenous Archaeology. American Antiquity 73(4):579–597.
Mellars, P. (1996) The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe, Princeton University PressPrinceton, NJ.,
Meskell, L. (1998) Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, RoutledgeLondon.,
Mitchell, A. 2012. DNA Turning Human Story into a Tell-all. New York Times January 30, 2012. New York.
Mohanty, C. T. (2003) Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity, Duke University PressDurham, London.,
Moraga, C., Anzaldúa, G. (1983) This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color2nd, Kitchen Table, Women of Color PressNew York.,
Morrison, T. 1987. Beloved: A Novel. 1st ed. Knopf: Distributed by Random House, New York.
Moser, S. 2007. On Disciplinary Culture: Archaeology as Fieldwork and Its Gendered Associations. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14(3):235–263.
Moses, Y.T. 1989. Black Women in Academe: Issues and Strategies. In Project on the Status and Education of Women, pp. 1–28. Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC
Mullings, L. 2005. Interrogating Racism: Toward an Antiracist Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 34(ArticleType: Research-Article/Full Publication Date: 2005/Copyright© 2005 Annual Reviews), pp. 667–693.
Oland, M., Hart, S. M., Frink, L. (2012) Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology. The archaeology of colonialism in native North America, University of Arizona PressTucson.,
Orser, C. E. (2004) Race and Practice in Archaeological Interpretation Archaeology, Culture, and Society, University of Pennsylvania PressPhiladelphia.,
Owen, L. R. (2005) Distorting the Past: Gender and the Division of Labor in the European Upper Paleolithic, Tübingen publications in Prehistory, Kerns VerlagTübingen.,
Pascoe, P. 2008. Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of “Race” in Twentieth-Century America. In Unequal Sisters: An Inclusive Reader in US Women’s History, edited by V.L.W. Ruiz and E.C. DuBois, pp. 303–324. Routledge, New York.
Phillips, S.L. 1997. Claiming our Foremothers: The Legend of Sally Hemings and the Tasks of Black Feminist Theory. Hastings Women’s Law Journal 8(fall 1997):401–465.
Pike, A. W. G., D. L. Hoffmann, M. García-Diez, P. B. Pettitt, J. Alcolea, R. De Balbín, C. González-Sainz, C. de las Heras, J. A. Lasheras, R. Montes, and J. Zilhão. 2012. U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain. Science 336(6087):1409–1413.
Pollock, S., Bernbeck, R. (2005) Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives. Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology, Blackwell PubMalden, MA.,
Reich, D., Green, R. E., Kircher, M., Krause, J., Patterson, N., Durand, E. Y., Viola, B., Briggs, A. W., Stenzel, U., Johnson, P. L. F., Maricic, T., Good, J. M., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Fu, Q., Mallick, S., Li, H., Meyer, M., Eichler, E. E., Stoneking, M., Richards, M., Talamo, S., Shunkov, M. V., Derevianko, A. P., Hublin, J.-J., Kelso, J., Slatkin, M., Paabo, S. 2010. Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468(7327):1053–1060.
Revillion, S. 1988. Répartition spatiale et technologie de l’industrie lithique du gisement paléolithique moyen de Seclin (Nord): première approche. Revue archéologique de Picardie 1(1):157–162.
Riel-Salvatore, J. 2010. A Niche Construction Perspective on the Middle-Upper Paleolithic Transition in Italy. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17(4):323–355.
Riley, N. S. 2012. The Most Persuasive Case for Eliminating Black Studies? Just Read the Dissertations. In Brainstorm. vol. 2012. Chronicle of Higher Education.
Rizvi, U. Z. 2006. Accounting for Multiple Desires: Decolonizing Methodologies, Archaeology, and the Public Interest. India Review 5(3/4):394–416.
Rockquemore, K., Laszloffy, T. A. (2008) The Black Academic’s Guide to Winning Tenure—Without Losing Your Soul, Lynne Rienner PublishersBoulder.,
Rodríguez-Vidal, J., F. d’Errico, F. G. Pacheco, R. Blasco, J. Rosell, R. P. Jennings, A. Queffelec, G. Finlayson, D. A. Fa, J. M. Gutiérrez López, J. S. Carrión, J. J. Negro, S. Finlayson, L. M. Cáceres, M. A. Bernal, S. Fernández Jiménez and C. Finlayson. 2014. A Rock Engraving Made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(37):13301–13306.
Siegel, D. L. 1997. The Legacy of the Personal: Generating Theory in Feminism’s Third Wave. Hypatia 12(3):46–75.
Silberman, N. A. (1989) Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East1st, H. HoltNew York.,
Smedley, A., Hutchinson, J. F. (eds.) (2012) Racism in the Academy: The New Millenium, American Anthropological AssociationWashington, DC.,
Smith, C. and H.M. Wobst 2005. Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice. One World Archaeology 47. Routledge, London.
Smith, L. T. (1999) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, Zed BooksNew York.,
Soressi, M., McPherron, S. P., Lenoir, M., Dogandžić, T., Goldberg, P., Jacobs, Z., Maigrot, Y., Martisius, N. L., Miller, C. E., Rendu, W., Richards, M., Skinner, M. M., Steele, T. E., Talamo, S., Texier, J.-P. 2013. Neandertals Made the First Specialized Bone Tools in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(35):14186–14190.
Sterling, K. 2000. Younger Scholars and the F-word: an AFA Workshop. Voices 4(1):7–8.
Terborg-Penn, R. (1983) Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In Decades of Discontent: The Women’s Movement 1920–1940pp. 261–278, edited by L Scharfand JM Jensen, Greenwood PressWestport, CT.,
Walker, A. (1973) In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women1st, Harcourt Brace JovanovichNew York.,
Walker, A. (1982) The Color Purple: A Novel1st, Harcourt Brace JovanovichNew York.,
Walker, A. (1983) In Search Of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose1st, Harcourt Brace JovanovichSan Diego.,
Williams, S. A. 1986. Some Implications of Womanist Theory. Callaloo 9:303–308.
Wylie, A. (1991) Gender Theory and the Archaeological Record: Why Is There No Archaeology of Gender? In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistorypp. 31–56, edited by J.M. Geroand M.W. Conkey, Basil Blackwell IncCambridge, MA.,
Wylie, A. 1993. Workplace Issues for Women in Archaeology: The Chilly Climate. In Women in Archaeology: A Feminist Critique, edited by H. D. Cros and L. Smith, pp. 245–260. Department of Prehistory, The Australian National University, Canberra.
Wylie, A. 2007. Doing Archaeology as a Feminist: Introduction. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14(3):209–216.
Zeder, M. A. (1997) The American Archaeologist: A Profile, AltaMira PressWalnut Creek, CA.,
Acknowledgments
Many thanks are due to my colleagues and friends who helped me strengthen my arguments in feminist theories and ancient DNA analysis. I also thank the three anonymous reviewers who helped me sharpen and clarify the discussion. All errors, of course, remain mine.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sterling, K. Black Feminist Theory in Prehistory. Arch 11, 93–120 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-015-9265-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-015-9265-z