Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Occupying the Past: Colonial Rule and Archaeological Practice in Israel/Palestine

  • Research
  • Published:
Archaeologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Scholars working on issues of cultural heritage politics have repeatedly argued that archaeological sites in Israel/Palestine serve as grounds for the creation of a nation-state narrative that erases other histories. Expanding on this view, my paper first explores a set of spatio-political strategies that Israeli settlers use to carve out a national space within a larger colonial landscape. Second, as I trace those strategies into the realm of archaeological work, it is my goal to highlight how practices of heritage management and colonial rule in Israel/Palestine are co-constitutive. In this context, I also consider how the occupation, confiscation, and demolition of archaeological sites take place before the background of a modernist discourse that references a universal or global heritage.

Résumé

Les chercheurs qui travaillent sur les problèmes de politique du patrimoine culturel ont maintes fois affirmé que les sites archéologiques situés en Israël/Palestine servent de fondement à la création d’un récit d’état-nation qui efface les autres aspects de l’histoire. Dans le prolongement de ce point de vue, mon article explore un ensemble de stratégies spacio-politiques que les colons israéliens utilisent pour graver un espace national dans un paysage colonial plus vaste. De plus, en suivant la trace de ces stratégies dans le domaine du travail archéologique, mon objectif est de mettre en évidence la co-constitution des pratiques de gestion du patrimoine et de la loi coloniale en Israël/Palestine. Dans ce contexte, j’étudie aussi comment l’occupation, la confiscation et la démolition des sites archéologiques se produisent sur fond de discours moderniste faisant référence à un patrimoine universel ou mondial

Resumen

Los eruditos que trabajan sobre cuestiones de políticas del patrimonio cultural han argumentado repetidamente que los emplazamientos arqueológicos en Israel/Palestina sirven de base para la creación de una narrativa de nación-estado que borra otras historias. Ampliando esta visión, mi documento explora en primer lugar un conjunto de estrategias espacio-políticas que los colonos israelíes utilizan para extraer un espacio nacional dentro de un paisaje colonial más amplio. En segundo lugar, a medida que sigo el rastro de dichas estrategias en el ámbito del trabajo arqueológico, mi meta es destacar cómo las prácticas de la gestión del patrimonio y el dominio colonial en Israel/Palestina son co-constitutivas. En este contexto, considero también cómo la ocupación, la confiscación y la demolición de emplazamientos arqueológicos se produce ante el telón de fondo de un discurso modernista que hace referencia a un patrimonio universal y global.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References Cited

  • Abu El-Haj, N. 2001. Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abu El-Haj, N. 2002. Producing (Arti) Facts: Archaeology and Power During the British Mandate of Palestine. Israel Studies 7(2):33–61. doi:10.1353/is.2002.0012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abu El-Haj, N. 2010. Racial Palestinianization and the Janus-Faced Nature of the Israeli State. Patterns of Prejudice 44(1):27–41. doi:10.1080/00313220903507610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agamben, G. 2004. The Open: Man and Animal. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apoh, W. 2013. The Archaeology of German and British Colonial Entanglements in Kpando-Ghana. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 17:351–375. doi:10.1007/s10761-013-0220-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, L., and B. Straumann 2010. Acquiring Empire by Law: from Roman Doctrine to Early Modern European Practice. Law and History Review 28(1):1–38. doi:10.1017/S0738248009990022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Gómez, S. 2005. Aufklärung als kolonialer Diskurs: Humanwissenschaften und kreolische Kultur in Neu Granada am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, Unpublished Dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt.

  • Conrad, S. 2011. German Colonialism: A Short History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. N. 2011. Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cesari, C. 2010a. World Heritage and Mosaic Universalism: A View from Palestine. Journal of Social Archaeology 10(3):299–324. doi:10.1177/1469605310378336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Cesari, C. 2010b. Hebron, or Heritage as Technology of Life. Jerusalem Quarterly 41:6–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, A. 1999. Grundbesitz, Landkonflikte und kolonialer Wandel: Douala 1880 bis 1960. Steiner, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, N. G. 1995. Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Verso Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glock, A. 1994. Archaeology as Cultural Survival: The Future of the Palestinian Past. Journal of Palestine Studies 23(3):70–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goeman, M. 2012. The Tools of a Cartographic Poet: Unmapping Settler Colonialism in Joy Harjo’s Poetry. Settler Colonial Studies 2(2):89–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R. 2007. Contested Sites: Archaeology and the Battle for Jerusalem. Jewish Quarterly 208:20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R. 2009. Towards an Inclusive Archaeology in Jerusalem: The Case of Silwan/The City of David. Public Archaeology 8(1):35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R., and A. Keinan 2009. Israeli Archaeological Activity in the West Bank 1967–2007: A Sourcebook. Ostracon, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawari, M. 2010. The Citadel of Jerusalem: A Case Study in the Cultural Appropriation of Archaeology in Palestine. Present Pasts 2(1):89–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Home, R. 2003. An ‘Irreversible Conquest’? Colonial and Postcolonial Land Law in Israel/Palestine. Social Legal Studies 12(3):291–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. 1997. Nationalism, Archaeology and the Interpretation of Ethnicity in Ancient Palestine. Boletim do CPA 3:49–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keinan, A. 2013. Israeli and Palestinian Archaeological Inventories, GIS and Conflicting Cultures in the Occupied West Bank. Unpublished Dissertation, University College London, London.

  • Khalidi, R. 2006. The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Beacon Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D. 2013. Settler Colonialism and the State of Exception: The Example of Palestine/Israel. Settler Colonial Studies 2(1):59–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynd, S., A. Lynd., and S. Bahour 1994. Homeland: Oral Histories of Palestine and Palestinians. Olive Branch Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mignolo, W. D. 2007. Introduction: Coloniality of Power and De-Colonial Thinking. Cultural Studies 21(2–3):155–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizrachi, Y. 2010. Archaeology in the Shadow of the Conflict: The Mound of Ancient Jerusalem (City of David) in Silwan. Emek Shaveh, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neitzel, S., and H. Welzer 2011. Soldaten: Protokolle vom Kämpfen, Töten und Sterben. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterhammel, J. 1995. Kolonialismus: Geschichte, Formen, Folgen. C.H. Beck, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peetet, J. 1994. Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian “Intifada”: A Cultural Politics of Violence. American Ethnologist 21(1):31–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perugini, N. 2009. “The Frontier is Where the Jews Live”: A Case of Israeli “Democratic Colonialism”. Journal of Law and Social Research 1(1):1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesek, M. 2005. Koloniale Herrschaft in Deutsch-Ostafrika: Expeditionen, Militär und Verwaltung seit 1880. Campus, Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J. 1984. From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine. JKAP Publications, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. 1997. Mapping Men and Empire: A Geography of Adventure. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razack, S. H. (editor). 2002. Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping a White Settler Society. Between The Lines, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razack, S. H. 2010. A Hole in the Wall; A Rose at a Checkpoint: The Spatiality of Colonial Encounters in Occupied Palestine. Journal of Critical Race Inquiry 1(1):90–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. 2000. Permission to Narrate. In The Edward Said Readerpp, edited by M. Bayoumi and R. Rubin, pp. 243–266. Vintage Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauders, R. R. 2008. Between Paralysis and Practice: Theorizing the Political Liminality of Palestinian Cultural Heritage. Archaeologies 4(3):471–494. doi:10.1007/s11759-008-9084-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamir, R. 2000. The Colonies of Law: Colonialism, Zionism and Law in Early Mandate Palestine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberman, N. A. 1995. Promised Lands and Chosen Peoples: The Politics and Poetics of Archaeological Narrative. In Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. Fawcett, pp. 249–262. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberman, N. A. 2001. If I Forget Thee, O Jerusalem: Archaeology, Religious Commemoration and Nationalism in a Disputed City, 1801–2001. Nations and Nationalism 7:487–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. T. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. Zed Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starzmann, M. T. 2008. Cultural Imperialism and Heritage Politics in the Event of Armed Conflict: Prospects for an ‘Activist Archaeology’. Archaeologies 4(3):368–389. doi:10.1007/s11759-008-9083-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starzmann, M. T. 2010. Structural Violence as Political Experience in Palestine: An Archaeology of the Past in the Present. Present Pasts 2(1):126–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoler, A. L. 2002. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoler, A. L. 2010a. By Colonial Design. Pulse Media, 17 September 2010. http://pulsemedia.org/2010/09/17/eminent-scholar-ann-stoler-endorses-boycott-of-israel/ (last accessed 16 June 2013).

  • Stoler, A. L. 2010b. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoler, A. L. 2011. Colony. Political Concepts: A Critical Lexicon 1. http://www.politicalconcepts.org/issue1/colony/ (last accessed 16 June 2013).

  • Taha, H. 2010. The Current State of Archaeology in Palestine. Present Pasts 2(1):16–25. doi:10.5334/pp17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trouillot, M.-R. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Beacon Press, Boston.

  • United Nations OCHA oPt. 2011. Humanitarian Atlas. West Bank & Gaza Strip, December 2011. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_humaitarian_atlas_dec_2011_full_resolution.pdf (last accessed 16 June 2013).

  • Veracini, L. 2011. Introducing Settler Colonial Studies. Settler Colonial Studies 1(1):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veracini, L. 2013. The Other Shift: Settler Colonialism, Israel, and the Occupation. Journal of Palestine Studies 42(2):26–42. doi:jps.2013.XLII.2.26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, P. 2006. Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. Journal of Genocide Research 8(4):387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahya, A. 2005. Archaeology and Nationalism in the Holy Land. In Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives, edited by S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck, pp. 66–77. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahya, A. H. 2008a. Looting and ‘Salvaging’: How the Wall, Illegal Digging and the Antiquities Trade are Ravaging Palestinian Cultural Heritage. Jerusalem Quarterly 33:39–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahya, A. H. 2008b. Managing Heritage in a War Zone. Archaeologies 4(3):495–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahya, A. H. 2010. The Palestinian–Israeli Draft Agreement on Archaeological Heritage. Present Pasts 2(1):72–74. doi:10.5334/pp.23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yas, J. 2000. (Re)Designing the City of David: Landscape, Narrative and Archaeology in Silwan. Jerusalem Quarterly 7:17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer, J. 2012. Expansion und Herrschaft: Geschichte des europäischen und deutschen Kolonialismus. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 62(44–45):10–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. 2008. Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. Picador, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. 2009. Making the Illegal Legal: Israel’s Kafkaesque Bureaucracy Colonizes the Occupied West Bank one Settlement at a Time. In These Times, 14 September 2009, http://inthesetimes.com/article/4880/making_the_illegal_legal/ (last accessed 23 October 2013).

Download references

Acknowledgments

This paper is a considerably extended version of a presentation delivered at the conference “Global Heritage—Worlds Apart” held at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin in summer 2012. I thank the organizers of the conference, Stefan Altekamp, Cornelia Kleinitz, and Claudia Näser, for encouraging me to continue my engagement with the complicated politics of doing archaeology in the Middle East. I also thank Stefan Altekamp for sending helpful comments during the process of revising my paper. I cannot appreciate enough that Adi Keinan and Adam Friedman have agreed, without hesitation, to read earlier drafts of this paper at particularly busy moments in their own lives. Both have provided nuanced and informed insights to my reading of the political situation in Israel/Palestine.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Theresia Starzmann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Starzmann, M.T. Occupying the Past: Colonial Rule and Archaeological Practice in Israel/Palestine. Arch 9, 546–571 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-013-9246-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-013-9246-z

Key words

Navigation