Skip to main content
Log in

The Archaeology of German and British Colonial Entanglements in Kpando-Ghana

  • Published:
International Journal of Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In talking about the cultural diversity of Africa’s past, the archaeological assessment of West African sites with mangled tangible and intangible fragments of German and British and/or French colonial encounters should not be ignored but rather discussed. This research explores how specific daily material cultural practices of German and British colonizers and Kpando indigenes in the Volta Region of Ghana were enmeshed in a medley of geopolitical, ideological and exchange connections. Through the use of archaeological, archival and ethnographic sources, this paper examines how daily practices of the people of Kpando were impacted by pre-colonial and dual colonial political economic pressures from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. This paper archaeologically explores how colonial officials maintained and renegotiated the norms of domesticity/gentility/Europeaness in their encounter with Akpini domestic technology, foodways and cultural practices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Archival Material

  • British Parliamentary Papers, 1904, LXII, Cd. 1933.

  • Agbodeka, F. (2000). The land and the People. In Gavua, K. (ed.), A handbook of Eweland. Volume 2: The Northern Ewes in Ghana, Woeli Publishing Service, Accra, pp. 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguigah, D. (1986). Le Site de Notse: Contribution à LArcheologie du Togo. Doctorat de Troisième Cycle, Université de Paris.

  • Amenumey, D. E. K. (1986). The Ewe in Pre-Colonial Times, Sedco, Accra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amevor, P. (1993). Traditional pottery industry of Kpando. Master’s thesis, University of Ghana, Legon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amselle, J. (1998). Mestizo logics: Anthropology of identity in Africa and elsewhere. C. Royal (trans.), Stanford University Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anghie, A. (2002). Colonialism and the birth of international institutions: Sovereignty, economy, and the mandate system of the League of Nations. Journal of International Law and Politics 34: 513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apoh, W. (1997). Cement sculpturing and religious activities at the Kpando Marian Grotto Sites of the Volta Region of Ghana. BA Long-Essay, University of Ghana, Legon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apoh, W. (2008). The Akpinis and the echoes of German and British colonial overrules: An archaeology of Kpando, Ghana. Doctoral dissertation, Binghamton University, New York, Ghana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, G. (2006). Time perspectives, palimpsests and the archaeology of time. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26: 198–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baku, K. (1998). The Asafo in two Ewe States. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (n.s.) 2: 26–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boahen, A. (1987). African perspectives on colonialism, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, A. H. (1960). Small mammals of West Africa, Longmans, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchell, G., Gordon, C., and Miller, P. (eds.) (1991). The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, C. (1999). An evaluation of regional differences in colonial English foodways. In Micheal, R., and Egan, G. (eds.), Old and New Worlds, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 349–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornevin, R. (1962/69) Histoire du Togo 3rd ed. Berger-Levrault, Paris.

  • Crossland, L. B. (1989). Pottery from the Begho-B2 site, Ghana. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, S. E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–85, Negro University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, A. C., Logan, A. L., and Watson, D. J. (2006). Oil palm and prehistoric subsistence in tropical West Africa. Journal of African Archaeology 4: 195–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darkoh, M. B. K. (1966). An historical geography of the Ho-Kpando-Buem area of the Volta Region of Ghana: 1884–1956. Master’s thesis, University of Ghana, Legon.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCorse, C. R. (1992). Culture contact, continuity, and change on the Gold Coast, AD 1400–1900. African Archaeological Review 10: 159–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCorse, C. R. (2001). West Africa during the Atlantic slave trade: Archaeological perspectives, Leicester University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzide, D., and Benuyena, I. (2000). The Catholic Church in Kpando, the first 100 Years (1900–2000): A pictorial album, Woeli Publishers, Accra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds, J. (1978). Sea shells and other molluscs found on West African coast and estuaries, Ghana Universities Press, Accra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, L. (1991). Struggling with pots in South Carolina. In Paynter, R., and McGuire, R. (eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 28–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forster, S., Mommsen, W., and Robinson, R. (eds.) (1989). Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference, 1884–1885 and the onset of partition, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furley Report (1915). ADM 11-1-603, Ghana National Archive, Accra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavua, K. (2000). A brief history. In Gavua, K. (ed.), A handbook of Eweland. Volume 2: The Northern Ewes in Ghana, Woeli Publishing Service, Accra, pp. 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewald, J. B. (2011). Conference report on “German Colonialism in West Africa: Implications for German-West African Partnership in Development, University of Education, Winneba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, I. (1986). The scramble for Africa: Inherited political boundaries. The Geographical Journal 152: 204–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyer, J. (1995). Introduction: The currency interface and its dynamics. In Guyer, J. (ed.), Money matters: Instability, values, and social payments in the modern history of West African communities, Heinemann, Portsmouth, pp. 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. (1996). Histories, empires and the post-colonial moment. In Chambers, I., and Curti, L. (eds.), The post-colonial question: Common skies, divided horizons, Routledge, London, pp. 65–77.

  • Hall, M. (2000). Archaeology and the modern world: Colonial transcripts in South Africa and the Chesapeake, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Happold, D. C. D. (1973). Large mammals of West Africa, Longman, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, M., and Reed, W. (1972). West African freshwater fish, Longman, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, R. R. (1947). The fishes and fisheries of the Gold Coast. Crown Agents for the Crown, Colonies, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joukowsky, M. (1980). A complete manual of field archaeology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. (1997). Using historically informed archaeology: Seventeenth and eighteenth century Hueda/European interaction on the Coast of Benin. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4: 353–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. (2001). Change and continuity in coastal Benin. In DeCorse, C. (ed.), West Africa during the Atlantic slave trade: Archaeological perspectives, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 81–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll, A. (1964). Togo under German Administration, 1884–1910. Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll, A. (1967). Taxation in the Gold Coast Colony and in the Togo: A study in early administration. In Louis, R., and Gifford, P. (eds.), Britain and Germany in Africa, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 401–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll, A. (1978). Togo Under Imperial Germany 1884–1914: A case study in colonial rule, Hoover Institute Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopytoff, I. (1987). The internal African frontier: The making of African political culture. In Kopytoff, I. (ed.), The African frontier: The reproduction of traditional African societies, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 3–84.

  • Kuklick, H. (1979). The imperial bureaucrat: The Colonial Administrative Service in the Gold Coast, 1920–1939, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrance, B. (2003). “En proie a la fiévre du cacao”: Land resources conflict on an Ewe frontier, 1922–1939. African Economic History 31: 135–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrance, B. (2005). The history of the Ewe language and Ewe language education. In Lawrance, B. (ed.), A handbook of Eweland: The Ewe of Togo and Benin, Woeli Publishing Services, Accra, pp. 215–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lethbeidge, A. (1921). West Africa the Illusive, John Bale Sons and Danielson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightfoot, K., Martinez, A., and Schiff, A. (1998). Daily practice and material culture in pluralistic social settings: An archaeological study of culture change and persistence from Fort Ross, California. American Antiquity 63: 199–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis, W. R. (1967). Great Britain and Germany’s lost colonies, Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1972). Freshwater fishes of the Volta and Kainji lakes, Ghana University Press, Accra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamattah, C. (1979). The Ewes of West Africa, Advent Press, Keta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoukian, M. (1952). The Ewe speaking people of Togoland and the Gold Coast, International African Institute, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moberly, F. J. (1931). Official history of the war: Military operations, Togoland and Cameroons, 1914–1918, Imperial War Museum, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newbury, C. (1967). Partition, development, trusteeship: Colonial Secretary Wilhelm Solf’s West African journey, 1913. In Louis, R., and Gifford, P. (eds.), Britain and Germany in Africa, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 460–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noël Hume, I. (1970). A guide to artifacts of colonial America, Knopf, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser Jr., C. E. (1996). Introduction: Images of the recent past. In Orser Jr., C. E. (ed.), Images of the recent past: Readings in historical archaeology, Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, pp. 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, A. (1985). The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884–85 revisited: A report. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 14: 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quarcoopome, N. O. (1993). Notse’s ancient kingship: Some archaeological and art-historical considerations. African Archaeological Review 11: 109–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, P. (1987). Pottery analysis: A source book, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, N. (1991). Bismarck revisited. The International History Review 13: 784–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, T. (1967). A provisional check-list of the fresh-water fishes of the Volta Basin, with notes on species of possible economic importance. Journal of the West African Science Association 12: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, R. (2001). Negotiated tradition? Native American pottery in the Mission Period in La Florida. In Pauketat, T. (ed.), The archaeology of traditions: Agency and history before and after Columbus, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 77–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D. (1999). Refashioning futures: Criticism after postcoloniality, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebald, P. (1972). Malam musa-gottlob Adolf Krause, 1850–1938, Akademie Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebald, P. (1988). Togo 1884–1914: Eine geschicte der Deutschen “musterkolonie” auf der grundlage amtlicher quellen, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serle, W., Morel, G. J., and Hartwig, W. (1977). Birds of West Africa, William Collins, Glasgow.

    Google Scholar 

  • South, S. (1977). Method and theory in historical archaeology, Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, A. (2001). Making history in Banda: Anthropological visions of Africa’s past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stoecker, H. (1986). German imperialism in Africa: From the beginning until the Second World War, C. Hurst, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sull, A. (1935). Funfzig jahre Togo, D. Reimer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, N. (1991). Entangled objects: Exchange, material culture, and colonialism in the Pacific, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, N. (1994). Colonialism’s culture: Anthropology, travel, and government, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world system. I, Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, I. (1980). The modern world system, II, Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. (1982). Europe and the people without history, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I acknowledge the moral support of my family throughout the research and write-up phase of this project. I also acknowledge the support of the American Council of Learned Societies’ African Humanities Post-Doctoral (ACLS/AHP) Fellowship in this project. I extend my a warmest appreciation to the Chiefs and people of Kpando, the Kpando District Assembly, Dr. Gavua and colleagues in the Department of Archaeology, University of Ghana for their kind assistance and immeasurable support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wazi Apoh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Apoh, W. The Archaeology of German and British Colonial Entanglements in Kpando-Ghana. Int J Histor Archaeol 17, 351–375 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-013-0220-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-013-0220-7

Keywords

Navigation