Abstract
Background
Several factors alter the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis in obese patients, but GH/IGF-1 correlation with anthropometric parameters and lipid metabolism is still unclear. We evaluated this relationship and the postoperative axis modifications in candidates for bariatric surgery.
Methods
Eighty-eight patients (males/females (M/F), 34/54) scheduled for bariatric surgery (biliopancreatic diversion or laparoscopic-adjustable gastric banding) between 2008 and 2010 were included in this observational, open, prospective study.
Results
Preoperative serum GH concentrations were found near the lowest limit of normal range in both sexes, with males showing the lowest values (130 vs. 1,405 pg/ml; p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of IGF-1 were within the normal range (M/F, 179/168.5 ng/ml), whereas IGF-binding protein (BP)1 and 3 values were at the lowest limits of normal range in both sexes (M/F 1.8/3.1 μg/ml and M/F 4.1/4.2 μg/ml, respectively). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between GH, IGF-1, and IGF-BP1-3 values and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides values in both sexes. GH and IGF-BP1-3 values were also inversely related to waist circumference and waist/hip ratio (WHR). GH, IGF-1, and IGF-BP1 and 3 values (35 cases) increased 1 year postoperatively in both sexes, mainly after malabsorptive procedures.
Conclusions
Our results support the hypothesis that GH deficiency associated with low levels of binding proteins in obese patients may be an endocrine response to visceral fat and high levels of non-esterified fatty acids, assessable in daily clinical practice by WHR, total and LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. In these patients, malabsorptive procedures might be the treatment of choice due to the metabolic adaptations induced.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- GH:
-
Growth hormone
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- IGF-BP1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1
- IGF-BP3:
-
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- IQR:
-
Interquartile range
- W:
-
Waist circumference
- WHR:
-
Waist/hip ratio
- TG:
-
Triglycerides
- SBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- DBP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- NEFA:
-
Non-esterified fatty acids
- M/F:
-
Males/females
- GHD:
-
Growth hormone deficiency
References
Maccario M, Valetto MR, Savi P, et al. Maximal secretory capacity of samatotrope cells in obesity: comparison with GH deficiency. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21:27–32.
Scacchi M, Pincelli AI, Cavagnini F. Growth hormone in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:262–71.
Pardina E, Ferrer R, Lecube A, et al. The relationship between IGF-1 and CRP, NO, leptin and adiponectin during weight loss in the morbidly obese. Obes Surg. 2010;20:623–33.
Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Suarez P, Jennings R, et al. GH/IGF-1 regulation in obesity-mechanisms and practical consequences in children and adults. Horm RES Paediatr. 2010;73:153–60.
Garten A, Schuster S, Kiess W. The insulin-like growth factors in adipogenesis and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012;41:283–95. v-vi.
Misra M, Bredella MA, P T, et al. Lower growth hormone and higher cortisol are associated with greater visceral adiposity, intramyocellular lipids, and insulin resistance in overweight girls. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E385–92.
Attallah H, Friedlander AL, Hoffman AR, et al. Visceral obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome, and growth hormone therapy. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2006;16(Suppl A):62–7.
Gastrointestinal surgery for morbid obesity: National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55(suppl 2):S615–S19.
Mittempergher F, Di Betta E, Crea N, et al. Our experience in selecting patients for bariatric surgery. Ann Ital Chir. 2007;78:487–92.
Frystyk J. Free insulin-like growth factors—measurements and relationships to growth hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis. Growth Horm and IGF Res. 2004;14:337–75.
Luque RM, Kineman RD. Impact of obesity on the growth hormone axis: evidence for a direct inhibitory effect of hyperinsulinemia on pituitary function. Endocrinology. 2006;147:2754–63.
Crea N, Pata G, Di Betta E, et al. Long-term results of biliopancreatic diversion with or without gastric preservation for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2011;21:139–45.
Di Betta E, Mittempergher F, Nascimbeni R, et al. Outcome of duodenal switch with a transitory vertical gastroplasty, in super-super-obese patients in an 8-year series. Obes Surg. 2008;18:182–6.
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1183–97.
Waist circumference and waist-hip-ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva 8–11 December 2008. Ed. World Health Organization; 2011.
Lean ME, Han TS, Morrison CE. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ. 1995;15(311(6998)):158–61.
Cordido F, Alvarez-Castro P, Isidro ML, et al. Comparison between insulin tolerance test, growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH), GHRH plus acipimox and GHRH plus GH-releasing peptide-6 for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency in normal subjects, obese and hypopituitary patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149:117–22.
Giustina A, Veldhuis JD. Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormones secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocr Rev. 1998;19:717–97.
Maccario M, Tassone F, Grottoli S, et al. Neuroendocrine and metabolic determinants of the adaptation of GH/IGF-1 axis to obesity. Ann Endocrinol. 2002;63:140–4.
Savastano S, Di Somma C, Mentone A, et al. Growth hormone insufficiency in obese patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29:536–44.
Sabin MA, De Hora M, Holly JM, et al. Fasting non-esterified fatty acid profiles in childhood and their relationship with adiposity, insulin sensitivity and lipid levels. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1426–33.
Baxter RC. The binding protein’s binding protein: clinical applications of acid-labile subunit (ALS) measurement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:956–61.
Marzullo P, Di Somma C, Prat KL, et al. Usefulness of different biochemical markers of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family in diagnosing growth hormone excess and deficiency in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3001–8.
Gòmez JM, Maravall FJ, Gòmez N, et al. The IGF-1 system component concentrations that decrease with ageing are lower in obesity in relationship to body mass index and body fat. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2004;14:91–6.
Maccario M, Grottoli S, Procopio M, et al. The GH/IGF-1 axis in obesity: influence of neuro-endocrine and metabolic factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24 Suppl 2:S96–9.
Di Somma C, Angrisani L, Rota F, et al. GH and IGF-1 deficiency are associated with reduced loss of fat mass after laparoscopic-adjustable silicone gastric banding. Clin Endocrinol. 2008;69:393–9.
Savastano S, Angrisani L, Di Somma C, et al. Relationship between growth hormone/insulin like growth factor-1 axis and voluntary weight loss after gastric banding surgery for severe obesity. Obes Surg. 2010;20:211–20.
De Marinis L, Bianchi A, Mancini A, et al. Growth hormone secretion and leptin in morbid obesity before and after biliopancreatic diversion: relationships with insulin and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:174–80.
Misra M, Bredella MA, Tsai P, et al. Lower growth hormone and higher cortisol are associated with greater visceral adiposity, intramyocellular lipids, and insulin resistance in overweight girls. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E385–92.
Franco C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G. Visceral obesity and the role of the somatotropic axis in the development of metabolic complications. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001;11:5097–102.
Harvey RA, Champe PC, editors. Lippincott’s illustrated review—pharmacology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Conflict of Interest
None of the authors (Mittempergher F, Pata G, Crea N, Di Betta E, Vilardi A, Chiesa D, and Nascimbeni R) has any conflict of interest to declare.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mittempergher, F., Pata, G., Crea, N. et al. Preoperative Prediction of Growth Hormone (GH)/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Axis Modification and Postoperative Changes in Candidates for Bariatric Surgery. OBES SURG 23, 594–601 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0820-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0820-z