Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat is a non-infectious rodent model for HIV-1 infection which develops altered immune-responses similar to those in persons infected with HIV-1. HIV-1Tg and F344 rats respond significantly different to morphine, ethanol, nicotine and other psychostimulants, although the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain largely undetermined. Here, we compared expression of 52 immune-related genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of HIV-1Tg and F344 rats treated with either nicotine (0.4 mg/kg nicotine, base, s.c.) or saline for 27 days, to identify differentially expressed genes in the presence of HIV-1 with and without nicotine treatment. Using quantitative RT-PCR array, we measured RNA expression levels. Results showed that RNA expression of CASP3, CCL5, CX3CL1, CX3CR1, IL1α, LRF4, LFR7, TGFβ1 and TLR4 in NAc, CCL2, CCL5, TGFβ1 and TLR4 in PFC, and CASP3, CX3CR1, IFNα1, IL1β and IL6 in VTA was significantly modulated in HIV-1Tg rats compared with F344 rats. IL1α showed a 58 % (P = 0.000072) decrease and IRF6 showed a 93.7 % increase (P = 0.000227) in the NAc of HIV-1Tg compared with F344 rats; results remained significant after correction for multiple testing. We also found that several genes were significantly modulated by nicotine in HIV-1Tg rats while only a small number of immune-related genes were altered by nicotine in F344 rats. These findings imply that HIV-1 viral proteins greatly impact immune function and alter responsiveness to nicotine in certain immune-related genes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bradford ST, Stamatovic SM, Dondeti RS, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV (2011) Nicotine aggravates the brain postischemic inflammatory response. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300:H1518–H1529
Browning KK, Wewers ME, Ferketich AK, Diaz P (2013) Tobacco use and cessation in HIV-infected individuals. Clin Chest Med 34:181–190
Cao J, Dwyer JB, Mangold JE, Wang J, Wei J, Leslie FM, Li MD (2011) Modulation of cell adhesion systems by prenatal nicotine exposure in limbic brain regions of adolescent female rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14:157–174
Cao J, Wang S, Wang J, Cui W, Nesil T, Vigorito M, Chang SL, Li MD (2013) RNA Deep Sequencing Analysis Reveals That Nicotine Restores Impaired Gene Expression by Viral Proteins in the Brains of HIV-1 Transgenic Rats. PLoS One 8, e68517
Chang SL, Connaghan KP, Wei Y, Li MD (2014) NeuroHIV and use of addictive substances. Int Rev Neurobiol 118:403–440
Cicala C, Arthos J, Selig SM, Dennis G Jr, Hosack DA, Van Ryk D, Spangler ML, Steenbeke TD, Khazanie P, Gupta N, Yang J, Daucher M, Lempicki RA, Fauci AS (2002) HIV envelope induces a cascade of cell signals in non-proliferating target cells that favor virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9380–9385
Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Cui WY, Li MD (2010) Nicotinic modulation of innate immune pathways via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 479–488
Cui WY, Wang J, Wei J, Cao J, Chang SL, Gu J, Li MD (2012) Modulation of innate immune-related pathways in nicotine-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Amino Acids 43:1157–1169
Cui WY, Zhao S, Polanowska-Grabowska R, Wang J, Wei J, Dash B, Chang SL, Saucerman JJ, Gu J, Li MD (2013) Identification and characterization of poly(I:C)-induced molecular responses attenuated by nicotine in mouse macrophages. Mol Pharmacol 83:61–72
Gendelman HE, Zheng J, Coulter CL, Ghorpade A, Che M, Thylin M, Rubocki R, Persidsky Y, Hahn F, Reinhard J Jr, Swindells S (1998) Suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins by highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Infect Dis 178:1000–1007
Gisslen M, Svennerholm B, Fuchs D, Hagberg L (1998) Neurological efficacy of stavudine, zidovudine, and lamivudine. Lancet 352:402–403
Gutala R, Wang J, Hwang YY, Haq R, Li MD (2006) Nicotine modulates expression of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 in mouse brain and in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 1093:12–19
Hintze JL (2000) 2000 users’ guide. Number Cruncher Statistical Software, Kaysville
Homji NF, Mao X, Langsdorf EF, Chang SL (2012) Endotoxin-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in the HIV-1 transgenic rat. J Neuroinflammation 9:3
Jiang J, Aiken C (2006) Maturation of the viral core enhances the fusion of HIV-1 particles with primary human T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. Virology 346:460–468
Kashiwagi Y, Yanagita M, Kojima Y, Shimabukuro Y, Murakami S (2012) Nicotine up-regulates IL-8 expression in human gingival epithelial cells following stimulation with IL-1beta or P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling. Arch Oral Biol 57:483–490
Kikuchi H, Itoh J, Fukuda S (2008) Chronic nicotine stimulation modulates the immune response of mucosal T cells to Th1-dominant pattern via nAChR by upregulation of Th1-specific transcriptional factor. Neurosci Lett 432:217–221
Li MD, Kane JK, Wang J, Ma JZ (2004) Time-dependent changes in transcriptional profiles within five rat brain regions in response to nicotine treatment. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 132:168–180
Li MD, Cao J, Wang S, Wang J, Sarkar S, Vigorito M, Ma JZ, Chang SL (2013) Transcriptome sequencing of gene expression in the brain of the HIV-1 transgenic rat. PLoS One 8, e59582
Matta SG, Balfour DJ, Benowitz NL, Boyd RT, Buccafusco JJ, Caggiula AR, Craig CR, Collins AC, Damaj MI, Donny EC, Gardiner PS, Grady SR, Heberlein U, Leonard SS, Levin ED, Lukas RJ, Markou A, Marks MJ, Mccallum SE, Parameswaran N, Perkins KA, Picciotto MR, Quik M, Rose JE, Rothenfluh A, Schafer WR, Stolerman IP, Tyndale RF, Wehner JM, Zirger JM (2007) Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 190:269–319
Mazzucchelli R, Amadio M, Curreli S, Denaro F, Bemis K, Reid W, Bryant J, Riva A, Galli M, Zella D (2004) Establishment of an ex vivo model of monocytes-derived macrophages differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-1 transgenic rats. Mol Immunol 41:979–984
Mcarthur JC, Haughey N, Gartner S, Conant K, Pardo C, Nath A, Sacktor N (2003) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: an evolving disease. J Neurovirol 9:205–221
Midde NM, Gomez AM, Harrod SB, Zhu J (2011) Genetically expressed HIV-1 viral proteins attenuate nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and alter mesocorticolimbic ERK and CREB signaling in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 98:587–597
Nesil T, Cao J, Yang Z, Chang SL, Li MD (2015) Nicotine attenuates the effect of HIV-1 proteins on the neural circuits of working and contextual memories. Mol Brain 8:43
Ning S, Pagano JS, Barber GN (2011) IRF7: activation, regulation, modification and function. Genes Immun 12:399–414
Nizri E, Irony-Tur-Sinai M, Lory O, Orr-Urtreger A, Lavi E, Brenner T (2009) Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory system by nicotine attenuates neuroinflammation via suppression of Th1 and Th17 responses. J Immunol 183:6681–6688
Paxinos G, Watson C (2005) The rat brain in stereotxic coordinates. Academic, San Diego
Portegies P (1995) Review of antiretroviral therapy in the prevention of HIV-related AIDS dementia complex (ADC). Drugs 49(Suppl 1):25–31, discussion 38–40
Ray PE, Liu XH, Robinson LR, Reid W, Xu L, Owens JW, Jones OD, Denaro F, Davis HG, Bryant JL (2003) A novel HIV-1 transgenic rat model of childhood HIV-1-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 63:2242–2253
Ray R, Tyndale RF, Lerman C (2009) Nicotine dependence pharmacogenetics: role of genetic variation in nicotine-metabolizing enzymes. J Neurogenet 23:252–261
Ray R, Mitra N, Baldwin D, Guo M, Patterson F, Heitjan DF, Jepson C, Wileyto EP, Wei J, Payne T, Ma JZ, Li MD, Lerman C (2010) Convergent evidence that choline acetyltransferase gene variation is associated with prospective smoking cessation and nicotine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1374–1382
Reid W, Sadowska M, Denaro F, Rao S, Foulke J Jr, Hayes N, Jones O, Doodnauth D, Davis H, Sill A, O’driscoll P, Huso D, Fouts T, Lewis G, Hill M, Kamin-Lewis R, Wei C, Ray P, Gallo RC, Reitz M, Bryant J (2001) An HIV-1 transgenic rat that develops HIV-related pathology and immunologic dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:9271–9276
Sarkar S, Chang SL (2013) Ethanol concentration-dependent alterations in gene expression during acute binge drinking in the HIV-1 transgenic rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 37:1082–1090
Song G, Nesil T, Cao J, Yang Z, Chang SL, Li MD (2015) Nicotine mediates expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress response in HIV-1 transgenic rat brain. J Neurovirol
Sopori M (2002) Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2:372–377
Sugano N, Shimada K, Ito K, Murai S (1998) Nicotine inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators in U937 cells through modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252:25–28
Tesoriero JM, Gieryic SM, Carrascal A, Lavigne HE (2010) Smoking among HIV positive New Yorkers: prevalence, frequency, and opportunities for cessation. AIDS Behav 14:824–835
Thomsen MS, Mikkelsen JD (2012) The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands methyllycaconitine, NS6740 and GTS-21 reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha release from microglia. J Neuroimmunol 251:65–72
Toledo EM, Colombres M, Inestrosa NC (2008) Wnt signaling in neuroprotection and stem cell differentiation. Prog Neurobiol 86:281–296
Verani A, Gras G, Pancino G (2005) Macrophages and HIV-1: dangerous liaisons. Mol Immunol 42:195–212
Vigorito M, Connaghan KP, Chang SL (2015) The HIV-1 transgenic rat model of neuroHIV. Brain Behav Immun 48:336–349
Wang J, Gutala R, Sun D, Ma JZ, Sheela RC, Ticku MK, Li MD (2007) Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway by ethanol, nicotine, or both in mouse cortical neurons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:357–375
Wang Y, Zhang F, Yang W, Xue S (2012) Nicotine induces pro-inflammatory response in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells through a NFkappaB/osteopontin amplification loop-dependent pathway. Inflammation 35:342–349
Wei J, Wang J, Dwyer JB, Mangold J, Cao J, Leslie FM, Li MD (2011) Gestational nicotine treatment modulates cell death/survival-related pathways in the brains of adolescent female rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14:91–106
Winer J, Jung CK, Shackel I, Williams PM (1999) Development and validation of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for monitoring gene expression in cardiac myocytes in vitro. Anal Biochem 270:41–49
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Drs. Shaolin Wang, Junran Cao, and Guohua Song for their assistance with sample collection during the experiments. This work was supported, in part, by US National Institutes of Health grants DA-016149 to SLC and DA-026356 to SLC and MDL.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Financial Disclosures
The authors claim no conflict interest regarding this report.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Z., Nesil, T., Connaghan, K.P. et al. Modulation Effect of HIV-1 Viral Proteins and Nicotine on Expression of the Immune-Related Genes in Brain of the HIV-1 Transgenic Rats. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 11, 562–571 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-016-9679-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-016-9679-4