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Mitochondrien als Kraftwerk der β-Zelle

Einfluss von Glucosemetabolismus und mitochondrialer Dynamik

Mitochondria as the powerhouse of beta cells

Influence of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics

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Zusammenfassung

Störungen im glucotropen Regelkreis führen zu einem Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Neben der peripheren Insulinresistenz trägt zur Manifestation eine gestörte Insulinsekretion durch Dysfunktion der β-Zellen des Pankreas bei. β-Zellen messen durch Expression des Sensorproteins Glucokinase die Glucosekonzentration im Blut und passen dadurch die Insulinsekretion an den Ernährungszustand an. Eine regulierte Insulinfreisetzung in Abhängigkeit vom wechselnden Substratangebot an Kohlenhydraten, Fetten und Proteinen ist für die Glucosehomöostase des Blutes sowie den Energiemetabolismus der Zellen essenziell und gerät durch Überalimentation aus dem Gleichgewicht. Mitochondrien sind die zentrale Schaltstelle für die bedarfsgerechte Bereitstellung der zellulären Energie. Für ihre Funktion ist ihre morphologische Struktur essenziell. Diese ist mitnichten starr, sondern hochdynamisch. Mitochondrien bilden in β-Zellen ein tubuläres Netzwerk, das durch ständige Fusions- und Teilungsprozesse aufrechterhalten wird. Geraten diese Prozesse unter Bedingungen eines Überangebots an Glucose und Fetten aus dem Gleichgewicht, begünstigt diese mitochondriale Dysfunktion einen T2DM.

Abstract

Glucose intolerance is the major cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to peripheral insulin resistance, pancreatic beta cell dysfunction with reduced insulin secretion contributes to T2DM manifestation. The glucose sensor enzyme glucokinase is the key regulator in beta cells coupling an increase in blood glucose to insulin secretion. This demand-based insulin secretion is important for blood glucose homeostasis and cellular energy metabolism despite changing substrate availability from carbohydrates, fat and proteins. Supernutrition induces an imbalance in this control loop. Mitochondria are the pivotal organelles of cellular energy. The mitochondrial morphology is crucial to maintain their function and is by no means fixed but highly dynamic. Mitochondria form a tubular network in β-cells, which frequently undergoes fusion and fission events. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia promote maladjustment of the mitochondrial network, thus contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and promoting T2DM.

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Interessenkonflikt. S. Baltrusch, F. Reinhardt und M. Tiedge geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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  1. Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Deutschland

    S. Baltrusch, F. Reinhardt & M. Tiedge

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Baltrusch, S., Reinhardt, F. & Tiedge, M. Mitochondrien als Kraftwerk der β-Zelle. Diabetologe 11, 231–242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-014-1278-5

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