Abstract
Communities of Learning (CoL) are an innovative methodological tool to stimulate knowledge creation and diffusion within organizations. However, past research has largely overlooked how participants’ hierarchical positions influence their behavior within CoL. We address this shortcoming and provide empirical evidence on 25 CoL for a global training program, analyzing user statistics from 249 staff members. Our results indicate that participants’ level of activity and performance are significantly influenced by their hierarchical position. We also discover a duality among participants holding low hierarchical positions. The implications of these results and future research avenues are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alavi, M., Yoo, Y., & Vogel, D. R. (1997). Using information technology to add value to management education. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(6), 1310–1333.
Arbaugh, J. B., & Benbunan-Finch, R. (2006). An investigation of epistemological and social dimensions of teaching in online learning environments. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5(4), 435–447.
Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150–169.
Armstrong, S. J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2008). Learning on demand, at your own pace, in rapid bite-sized chunks: The future shape of management development? The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(4), 571–586.
Arts, J. A., Gijselaers, W. H., & Boshuizen, H. (2006). Understanding managerial problem-solving, knowledge use and information processing: Investigating stages from school to the workplace. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 31(4), 387–410.
Banerjee, M., Capozzoli, M., McSweeney, L., & Sinha, D. (1999). Beyond Kappa: A review of interrater agreement measures. The Canadian Journal of Statistics / La Revue Canadienne de Statistique, 27(1), 3–23.
Banfield, J. D., & Raftery, A. E. (1993). Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering. Biometrics, 49, 803–821.
Berger, J., & Fişek, M. H. (2006). Diffuse status characteristics and the spread of status value: A formal theory 1. American Journal of Sociology, 111(4), 1038–1079.
Berger, J., Ridgeway, C. L., Fisek, M. H., & Norman, R. Z. (1998). The legitimation and delegitimation of power and prestige orders. American Sociological Review, 63(3), 379–405.
Bird, A. (1994). Careers as repositories of knowledge : A new perspective on boundaryless careers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 325–344.
Brower, H. H. (2003). On emulating classroom discussion in a distance-delivered OBHR course: Creating an on-line learning community. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2(1), 22–36.
Bunderson, J. S. (2003a). Recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups: A status characteristics perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(4), 557–591.
Bunderson, J. S. (2003b). Team memeber functional background and involvement in management teams: Direct effects and the moderating role of power centralization. Academy of Management Journal, 46(4), 458–474.
Bunderson, J. S., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2002). Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams: Process and performance effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), 875–893.
Caspi, A., Gorsky, P., & Chajut, E. (2003). The influence of group size on nonmandatory asynchronous instructional discussion groups. The Internet and Higher Education, 6(3), 227–240.
Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K., & Beyth-Marom, R. (2006). The influence of personality on social participation in learning environments. Learning and Individual Differences, 16, 129–144.
Chalmers, L., & Keown, P. (2006). Communities of practice and professional development. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(2), 139–156.
Cho, H., Gay, G., Davidson, B., & Ingraffea, A. (2007). Social Networks, communication styles, and learning performance in a CSCL community. Computers & Education, 49, 309–329.
Cohen, J. (1992). Statistics a power primer. Psychology Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
Cohen, E. G. (1994). Restructuring the classroom: Conditions for productive small groups. Review of Educational Research, 64(1), 1–35.
Cohen, S. G., & Bailey, D. E. (1997). What makes teams work: Gruop effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. Journal of Management, 23, 239–290.
Cohen, B. P., & Zhou, X. (1991). Status Processes in Enduring Work Groups. American Sociological Review, 56(2), 179–188.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104.
Cramton, C. D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: Ethnocentrism or cross-national learning? Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231–263.
Cress, U. (2008). The need for considering multilevel analysis in CSCL research—An appeal for the use of more advanced statistical methods. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(1), 69–84.
De Laat, M., & Lally, V. (2003). Complexity, theory and praxis: Researching collaborative learning and tutoring processes in a networked learning community. Instructional Science, 31(1–2), 7–39.
de Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Van Keer, H. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46(1), 6–28.
DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer-Magnus, J. R. (2010). The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 32–53.
Dochy, F., & McDowell, L. (1997). Assessment as a tool for learning. Studies In Educational Evaluation, 23(4), 279–298.
Dochy, F., Segers, M., & Buehl, M. M. (1999). The relation between assessment practices and outcomes of studies: The case of research on prior knowledge. Review of Educational Research, 69(2), 145–186. doi:10.3102/00346543069002145.
Edmondson, A. C. (2002). The local and variegated nature of learning in organizations: A group-level perspective. Organization Science, 13(2), 128–146. doi:10.1287/orsc.13.2.128.530.
Eraut, M. (2000). Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 113–136.
Foldy, G. E., Rivard, P., & Buckley, T. R. (2009). Power, safety, and learning in racially diverse groups. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 8(1), 25–41.
Garavan, T. N., Carbery, R., O'Malley, G., & O'Donnell, D. (2010). Understanding participation in e-learning in organizations: A large-scale empirical study of employees. International Journal of Training and Development, 14(3), 155–168. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2419.2010.00349.x.
Gunawardena, C. N., & Zittle, F. J. (1997). Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer†mediated conferencing environment. American Journal of Distance Education, 11(3), 8–26. doi:10.1080/08923649709526970.
Gunawardena, C. N., Lowe, C. A., & Anderson, T. (1997). Analysis of a global online debate and the development of an interaction analysis model for examining social construction of knowledge in computer conferencing. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 17(4), 397–431.
Hakkarainen, K., Palonen, T., Paavola, S., & Lehtinen, E. (2004). Communities of networked expertise: Professional and educational perspectives. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Hamel, G., & Green, B. (2007). The Future of Management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Harasim, L. (1993). Collaborating in cyberspace: Using computer conferences as a group learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 3, 119–130.
Hung, D. W. L., & Der-Thanq, C. (2001). Situated cognition, vygotskian thought and learning from the communities of practice perspective: Implications for the design of Web-based learning. Educational Media International, 38(1), 3–12.
Im, Y., & Lee, O. (2004). Pedagogical implications of online discussion for preservice teacher training. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 36(2), 155–170.
Järvelä, S., Järvenoja, H., & Veermans, M. (2008). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in socially shared learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 47(2), 122–135.
Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 256–282.
Jehn, K. A., & Bezrukova, K. (2004). A field study of group diversity, workgroup context, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(6), 703–729.
Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741–763.
Joinson, A. N. (2001). Self disclosure in computer mediated communication: The role of self awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(2), 177–192.
Kane, G. C., & Alavi, M. (2007). Information technology and organizational learning: An investigation of exploration and exploitation processes. Organization Science, 18(5), 796–812.
Keegan, D. (1980). On defining distance education. Distance Education, 1(1), 13–36.
Kirwan, C., & Birchall, D. (2006). Transfer of learning from management development programmes: Testing the Holton model. International Journal of Training and Development, 10(4), 252–268.
Krackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 342–369.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leonard, D., & Sensiper, S. (1998). The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation. California Management Review, 40(3), 112–132.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 402–433.
Nachmias, R., Mioduser, D., Oren, A., & Ram, J. (2000). Web-supported emergent-collaboration in higher education courses. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 3(3), 94–104.
Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 941–966.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37.
Paloff, R., & Pratt, K. (2003). The virtual student: A profile and guide to working with online learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black Box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 1–28.
Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2006). Consensus and the creation of status beliefs. Social Forces, 85(1), 431–453.
Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., Van den Bossche, P., Gijselaers, W., & Segers, M. (2009). The role of academic motivation in computer supported collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(6), 1195–1206.
Robey, D., Khoo, H., & Powers, C. (2000). Situated learning in cross-functional virtual teams. Technical Communication, 47(1), 51–66.
Roblyer, M. D., & Wiencke, W. R. (2003). Design and Use of a rubric to assess and encourage interactive qualities in distance courses. American Journal of Distance Education, 17(2), 77–98.
Romme, A. G. L. (1996). A note on the hierarchy-team debate. Strategic Management Journal, 17(5), 411–417.
Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park: Sage.
Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2000). Methodological issues in the content analysis of computer conference transcripts. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 11, 8–22.
Salas, E., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2009). Learning, training, and development in organizations: Much progress and a peek over the horizon. In E. Salas & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations (pp. 461–476). NY Routledge: New York.
Sambrook, S. (2005). Factors influencing the context and process of work-related learning: Synthesizing findings from Two research projects. Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 101–119.
Schellens, T., & Valcke, M. (2005). Collaborative learning in asynchronous discussion groups: What about the impact on cognitive processing? Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 957–975.
Schippers, M. C., den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & Wienk, J. A. (2003). Diversity and team outcomes: The moderating effects of outcome interdependence and group longevity and the mediating effect of reflexivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 779–802.
Schlager, M., Fusco, J., & Schank, P. (2002). Evolution of an online education community of practice. In K. A. Renninger & W. Shumar (Eds.), Building virtual communities: Learning and change in cyberspace (pp. 129–158). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Simons, T., Pelled, L. S., & Smith, K. A. (1999). Making Use of differences: Diversity, debate, and decision comprehensiveness in Top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 662–673.
Snyder, P., & Lawson, S. (1993). Evaluating results using corrected and uncorrected effect size estimates. The Journal of Experimental Education, 61(4), 334–349.
Soden, R., & Halliday, J. (2000). Rethinking vocational education: A case study in care. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 19(2), 172–182.
Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1986). Reducing social context cues: Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Science, 32(11), 1492–1512.
Stacey, E., Smith, P. J., & Barty, K. (2004). Adult learners in the workplace: online learning and communities of practice. Distance Education, 25(1), 107–123.
Strijbos, J.-W., Martens, R. L., Prins, F. J., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2006). Content analysis: What are they talking about? Computers & Education, 46(1), 29–48.
Sutton, R., Neale, M. A., & Owens, D. (2000). Technologies of Status Negotiation: Status Dynamics in Email Discussion Groups. Palo Alto: Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
Tachibanaki, T. (1988). Education, occupation, hierarchy and earnings. Economics of Education Review, 7(2), 221–229.
Thomas-Hunt, M. C., Ogden, T. Y., & Neale, M. A. (2003). Who’s really sharing? effects of social and expert status on knowledge exchange within groups. Management Science, 49(4), 464–477.
van der Vegt, G. S., Bunderson, J. S., & Oosterhof, A. (2006). Expertness diversity and interpersonal helping in teams: Why those who need the most help end up getting the least. Academy of Management Journal, 49(5), 877–893.
Veerman, A., & Veldhuis-Diermanse, E. (2001). Collaborative learning through computer-mediated communication in academic education. Paper presented at the In EURO CSCL 2001. Maastricht: McLuhan Institute. University Maastricht.
Vrasidas, C., & Zembylas, M. (2003). The nature of technology-mediated interaction in globalised distance education. International Journal of Training and Development, 7(4), 271–286.
Webber, S. S., & Donahue, L. M. (2001). Impact of highly and less job-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27(2), 141–162. doi:10.1177/014920630102700202.
Weisband, S. P., Schneider, S. K., & Connolly, T. (1995). Computer mediated communication and social information: Status salience and status differences. Academy of Management Journal, 38(4), 1124–1151. doi:10.2307/256623.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Wolfe, J. L. (1999). Why do women feel lgnored? gender differences in computer-mediated classroom interactions. Computers and Composition, 16(1), 153–166.
Yamnill, S., & McLean, G. N. (2001). Theories supporting transfer of training. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(2), 195–208. doi:10.1002/hrdq.7.
Yates, J., & Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). Genres of organizational communication: A structurational approach to studying communication and media. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 299–326.
Zack, M. H., & McKenney, J. L. (1995). Social context and interaction in ongoing computer-supported management groups. Organization Science, 6(4), 394–422.
Zembylas, M., & Vrasidas, C. (2007). Listening for silence in text-based, online encounters. Distance Education, 28(1), 5–24.
Zhang, Y., Fang, Y., Wei, K.-K., & Chen, H. (2010). Exploring the role of psychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing knowledge in virtual communities. International Journal of Information Management, 30(5), 425–436. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rehm, M., Gijselaers, W. & Segers, M. The impact of hierarchical positions on communities of learning. Intern. J. Comput.-Support. Collab. Learn 10, 117–138 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-014-9205-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-014-9205-8