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Potential biomonitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Coffea arabica leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysis

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Abstract

The potencial of Coffea arabica leaves as bioindicators of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated in a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment by using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy for direct analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A supervised classification model was built and validated from the spectra of coffee leaves grown under elevated and current CO2 levels. PLS-DA allowed correct test set classification of 92% of the elevated-CO2 level leaves and 100% of the current-CO2 level leaves. The spectral bands accounting for the discrimination of the elevated-CO2 leaves were at 1657 and 1698 nm, as indicated by the variable importance in the projection (VIP) score together with the regression coefficients. Seven months after suspension of enriched CO2, returning to current-CO2 levels, new spectral measurements were made and subjected to PLS-DA analysis. The predictive model correctly classified all leaves as grown under current-CO2 levels. The fingerprints suggest that after suspension of elevated-CO2, the spectral changes observed previously disappeared. The recovery could be triggered by two reasons: the relief of the stress stimulus or the perception of a return of favorable conditions. In addition, the results demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy can provide a rapid, nondestructive, and environmentally friendly method for biomonitoring leaves suffering environmental modification. Finally, C. arabica leaves associated with NIR and mathematical models have the potential to become a good biomonitoring system.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Dr. Miroslava Rakocevic, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil, for supplying the coffee leaf samples and the photos used in this work.

Funding

This work was funded by the Consórcio Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Café, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq Process: 150107/2018-8).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Quimiometria em Ciências Naturais, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CP 6001, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil

    Cláudia Domiciano Tormena, Gustavo Galo Marcheafave & Ieda Spacino Scarminio

  2. Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

    Elis Daiane Pauli & Roy Edward Bruns

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  1. Cláudia Domiciano Tormena
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  2. Gustavo Galo Marcheafave
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  3. Elis Daiane Pauli
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  5. Ieda Spacino Scarminio
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Correspondence to Gustavo Galo Marcheafave or Ieda Spacino Scarminio.

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Tormena, C.D., Marcheafave, G.G., Pauli, E.D. et al. Potential biomonitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Coffea arabica leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 30356–30364 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06163-1

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