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Physiological basis of differential zinc and copper tolerance of Verbascum populations from metal-contaminated and uncontaminated areas

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An Erratum to this article was published on 11 April 2016

Abstract

Metal contamination represents a strong selective pressure favoring tolerant genotypes and leading to differentiation between plant populations. We investigated the adaptive capacity of early-colonizer species of Verbascum recently exposed to Zn- and Cu-contaminated soils (10–20 years). Two Verbascum thapsus L. populations from uncontaminated sites (NMET1, NMET2), one V. thapsus from a zinc-contaminated site (MET1), and a Verbascum lychnitis population from an open-cast copper mine (MET2) were exposed to elevated Zn or Cu in hydroponic culture under glasshouse conditions. MET populations showed considerably higher tolerance to both Zn and Cu than NMET populations as assessed by measurements of growth and net photosynthesis, yet they accumulated higher tissue Zn concentrations in the shoot. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration increased with Zn and Cu treatment in the NMET populations, which was correlated to stomatal closure, decrease of net photosynthesis, and nutritional imbalance, indicative of interference with xylem loading and divalent-cation homeostasis. At the cellular level, the sensitivity of NMET2 to Zn and Cu was reflected in significant metal-induced ROS accumulation and ion leakage from roots as well as strong induction of peroxidase activity (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), while Zn had no significant effect on ABA concentration and POD activity in MET1. Interestingly, MET2 had constitutively higher root ABA concentration and POD activity. We propose that ABA distribution between shoots and roots could represent an adaptive mechanism for maintaining low ABA levels and unaffected stomatal conductance. The results show that metal tolerance can occur in Verbascum populations after relatively short time of exposure to metal-contaminated soil, indicating their potential use for phytostabilization.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by III43010 project funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia and OSI/FCO scholarship to F.M. The authors would like to gratefully thank Prof. Andrew Smith (Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford) for valuable suggestions and comments. Also, the authors would like to thank Dr. Mark Fricker for assistance with MATLAB, Dr. Markus Schwarzländer for help with microscopy, and Prof. John Pannell for loan of the LCA-4 portable gas analyzer.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia

    Filis Morina & Sonja Veljović-Jovanović

  2. Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia

    Ljubinko Jovanović

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, Serbia

    Ljiljana Prokić

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  1. Filis Morina
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  2. Ljubinko Jovanović
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  3. Ljiljana Prokić
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Correspondence to Filis Morina.

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Fig. A1

Calcium concentration in (a,c) shoots and (b,d) roots of Zn and Cu treated Verbascum plants after 5 weeks of treatment. Values are means ± SD for 6 plants, expressed on a tissue dry biomass basis. Asterisks denote values significantly different from the respective controls in the 0 μM Zn or Cu treatments (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). (PPTX 248 kb)

Fig. A2

Manganese concentration in (a,c) shoots and (b,d) roots of Zn and Cu treated Verbascum plants after 5 weeks of treatment. Values are means ± SD for 6 plants, expressed on a tissue dry biomass basis. Asterisks denote values significantly different from the respective controls in the 0 μM Zn or Cu treatments (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). (PPTX 236 kb)

Fig. A3

Potassium concentration in (a,c) shoots and (b,d) roots of Zn and Cu treated Verbascum plants after 5 weeks of treatment. Values are means ± SD for 6 plants, expressed on a tissue dry biomass basis. Asterisks denote values significantly different from the respective controls in the 0 μM Zn or Cu treatments (* p < 0.05). (PPTX 243 kb)

Fig. A4

Magnesium concentration in (a,c) shoots and (b,d) roots of Zn and Cu treated Verbascum plants after 5 weeks of treatment. Values are means ± SD for 6 plants, expressed on a tissue dry biomass basis. (PPTX 248 kb)

Fig. A5

Detection of peroxidase (POD) isoforms by isoelectrofocusing in the roots of NMET1, NMET2, MET1 and MET2 control plants and after 3 weeks of treatment with either 60 μM Zn or 20 μM Cu. The same amount of protein (10 μg) was loaded in each lane. (PPT 284 kb)

Fig. A6

Comparison of Zn and Cu effects on growth increment of shoot and roots of two Verbascum lychnitis populations over 5 weeks of treatment. Values are means ± SD for 8 plants. V. lychnitis NMET – non-metalliferous population, V. lychnitis MET- metalliferous population (MET2 as described in the paper). (PPTX 204 kb)

Table A1

The results of two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction showing effects of metal treatment, populations, and their interaction on shoot and root growth increment (DW, g), Zn and Cu concentration in the shoots and roots (mg kg−1) and Fe concentration in the shoots and roots (mg kg−1) in Zn and Cu treatments for V. thapsus populations (NMET1, NMET2 and MET1); ns- non-significant. (DOCX 19 kb)

Table A2

The results of two-way ANOVA after Bonferroni correction showing effects of metal treatment, populations, and their interaction on net photosynthesis (A, μmol m−2 s−1), transpiration (E, mmol m−2 s−1), stomatal conductance (g s , mmol m−2 s−1) and intracellular CO2 concentration (C i , μmol mol−1 CO2) for V. thapsus populations (NMET1, NMET2 and MET1); ns- non-significant. (DOCX 18 kb)

Table A3

The results of two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction showing effects of metal treatment, populations, and their interaction on shoot and root growth increment (DW, g), Zn and Cu concentration in the shoots and roots (mg kg−1) and Fe concentration in the shoots and roots (mg kg−1) in Zn and Cu treatments for two metalliferous populations, V. thapsus (MET1) and V. lychnitis (MET2); ns- non-significant. (DOCX 17 kb)

Table A4

The results of two-way ANOVA after Bonferroni correction showing effects of metal treatment, populations, and their interaction on net photosynthesis (A, μmol m−2 s−1), transpiration (E, mmol m−2 s−1), stomatal conductance (g s , mmol m−2 s−1) and intracellular CO2 concentration (C i , μmol mol−1 CO2) for two metalliferous populations, V. thapsus (MET1) and V. lychnitis (MET2); ns- non-significant. (DOCX 17 kb)

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Morina, F., Jovanović, L., Prokić, L. et al. Physiological basis of differential zinc and copper tolerance of Verbascum populations from metal-contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 10005–10020 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6177-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6177-4

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