Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit dreadful diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Therefore, screening for larvicidal and pupicidal activity of microbial extracts attributes could lead to development of new and improved mosquito control methods that are economical and safe for nontarget organisms and are ecofriendly. Synthetic chemical insecticides occupy predominant position in control strategies. These hazardous chemicals exert unwarranted toxicity and lethal effects on nontarget organisms, develop physiological resistance in target, and cause adverse environmental effect. For vector control, fungal-mediated natural products have been a priority in this area at present. In the current study, effective larvicidal and pupicidal effect of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using an entomopathogenic fungi Trichoderma harzianum against developmental stages of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti was investigated. An attractive possibility of green nanotechnology is to use microorganisms in the synthesis of nanosilver especially Ag NPs. The mycosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized to find their unique properties through UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and surface characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. To analyze the bioefficacy, different test concentrations for extracellular filtrate (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 %) and Ag NPs (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 %) were prepared to a final volume of 200 mL using deionized water; 20 larvae of each instars (I–IV) and pupa were exposed to each test concentration separately which included a set of control (distilled water) group with five replicates. Characterization of the synthesized Ag NPs were about 10–20 nm without aggregation. Susceptibility of larval instars to synthesized Ag NPs was higher than the extracellular filtrate of T. harzianum alone after 24-h exposure, where the highest mortality was recorded as 92 and 96 % for first and second instars and 100 % for third, fourth instars, and pupa. Lethal concentration 50 values of 0.079, 0.084, 0.087, 0.068, and 0.026 % were recorded for I–IV instars and pupa, respectively, when exposed to Ag NPs at 0.25 % concentration. Toxicity was exhibited against first (1.076 %), second (0.912 %), third (0.770 %), fourth (0.914 %) instars larvae, and pupa (0.387 %) with extracellular filtrate at a concentration of 1 % that was three- to fourfold higher compared to Ag NPs; no mortality was observed in the control. The present study is the first report on effective larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Ag NPs synthesized from an entomopathogenic fungi T. harzianum extracellular filtrate and could be an ideal ecofriendly, single-step, and inexpensive approach for the control of A. aegypti.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aarthi N, Vasugi C, Panneerselvam C, Prasana Kumar K, Madhiyazhagan P, Murugan K (2011) Toxicity and smoke repellency effect of Mimosa pudica L. against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). The Bioscan 6:211–214
Abdul Rahuman A, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2008) Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 102:867–873
Agalya Priyadarshini K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Ponarulselvam S, Hwang J-S, Nicoletti M (2012) Biolarvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Euphorbia hirta against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111:997–1006
Akram DS, Ahmed S (2005) Dengue fever. Infect Dis J 14:124–125
Ales Pana C, Milan K, Renata V, Robert P, Jana S, Vladimir K, Petr H, Radek Z, Libor K (2009) Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Candida spp. Biomater 30:6333–6340
Benítez T, Rincón AM, Limoń MC, Codón AC (2004) Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. Int Microbiol 7:249–260
Chakravarti A, Kumaria R (2005) Eco-epidemiological analysis of dengue infection during an outbreak of dengue fever, India. Virology J 2:32
Chan YS, Mat Don M (2013) Biosynthesis and structural characterization of Ag nanoparticles from white rot fungi. Mater Sci Eng:C 33:282–288
Das D, Chandra G (2012) Mosquito larvicidal activity of Rauvolfia serpentine L. seeds against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Asian Pac J Trop Med 5(1):42–45
Fayaz AM, Balaji K, Girilal M, Yadav R, Kalaichelvan PT, Venketesan R (2010) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their synergistic effect with antibiotics: a study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nanomedicine:NBM 6:103–109
Fradin MS, Day JF (2002) Comparative efficacy of insect repellent against mosquito bites. New Engl J Med 347:13–18
Ganesh Babu MM, Gunasekaran P (2013) Extracellular synthesis of crystalline silver nanoparticles and its characterization. Mater Lett 90:162–164
Govindarajan M, Jebanesan A, Reetha D (2005) Larvicidal effect of extracellular secondary metabolites of different fungi against the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Trop Biomed 22:1–3
Harris A, Rajatileka S, Ranson H (2010) Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti from Grand Cayman. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83:277–284
Janerio P, Corduneann O, Brett AMO (2005) Chrysin and (±)-taxifolin electrochemical oxidation mechanisms. Electroanal 17:1059–1064
Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Elango G, Velayutham K, Rao KV, Karthik L, Raveendran S (2011) Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against hematophagous parasites. Parasitol Res 11:2473–2476
Kamaraj C, Abdul Rahuman A, Bagavan A (2008) Antifeedant and larvicidal effects of plant extracts against Spodoptera litura (F.), Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Parasitol Res 103:325–331
Krishnaraj C, Jagan EG, Rajasekar S, Selvakumar P, Kalaichelvan PT, Mohan N (2010) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids Surf B 76:50–56
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Kamalakannan S (2011) Larvicidal efficacy of Jatropha curcas and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, against lymphatic filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109:1251–1257
Kovendan K, Arivoli S, Maheswaran R, Baskar K, Vincent S (2012) Larvicidal efficacy of Sphaeranthus indicus, Cleistanthus collinus and Murraya koenigii leaf extracts against filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111:1025–1035
Lara HH, Ayala-Nuñez NV, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Rodriguez-Padilla C (2010) Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnol 8:1–10
Liu ZL, He Q, Chu SS, Wang CF, Du SS, Deng ZW (2012) Essential oil composition and larvicidal activity of Saussurea lappa roots against the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:2125–2130
Maheswaran R, Sathish S, Ignacimuthu S (2008) Larvicidal activity of Leucas aspera (Willd.) against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. and Aedes aegypti L. Int J Integr Biol 2:214–217
Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Vishnu Kirthi A, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A, Abduz Zahir A, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitol Res 108:1541–1549
Maynard AD (2007) Nanotechnology: the next big thing, or much ado about nothing? Ann Occup Hyg 51:1–12
Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK (2008) Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future applications. J Nanopart Res 10:507–517
Morons JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramfrez JT, Yacaman MJ (2005) The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology:NBM 16:2346–2353
Mukherjee P, Ahmad A, Mandal D, Senapati S, Sainkar SR, Khan MI, Ramani R, Parischa R, Ajaykumar PV, Alam M, Sastry M, Kumar R (2001) Bioreduction of AuCl4-ions by the fungus, Verticillium sp. and surface trapping of the gold nanoparticles formed. Angew Chem Int Edit 40:3585–3588
Murugan K, Kovendan K, Vincent S, Barnard DR (2012) Biolarvicidal and pupicidal activity of Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract and microbial insecticide, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) against malaria fever mosquito, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:2263–2270
Oksanen T, Pere J, Paavilainen L, Buchert J, Viikari L (2000) Treatment of recycled kraft pulps with Trichoderma reesei hemicellulases and cellulases. J Biotechnol 78:39–44
Paily KP, Geetha I, Kumar BA, Balaraman K (2012) Bacillus sphaericus in the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes emerged from treated larvae and its effect on development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti. Parasitol Res 110:2229–2235
Polson KA, Brogdon WG, Rawlins SC, Chadee DD (2011) Characterization of insecticide resistance in Trinidadian strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Acta Trop 117:31–38
Ponarulselvam S, Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Aarthi N, Kalimuthu K, Thangamani S (2012) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn.G.Don and their antiplasmodial activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2(7):574–581
Priyadarshini S, Gopinath V, Meera Priyadharsshini N, Mubarak Ali D, Velusamy P (2013) Synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles using novel strain, Bacillus flexus and its biomedical application. Colloid Surface B 102:232–237
Raffi M, Hussain F, Bhatti TM, Akhter JI, Hameed A, Hasan HM (2008) Antibacterial characterization of silver nanoparticles against E. coli ATCC-15224. J Mater Sci Technol 24:192–196
Raghavendra BS, Prathibha KP, Vijayan VA (2011) Larvicidal efficacy of Eugenia jambolana Linn. extracts in three mosquito species at Mysore. J Entomol 8:491–496
Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA (2011) Larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Eclipta prostrate leaf extract against filariasis and malaria vectors. Acta Trop 118:196–203
Ranson H, Rossiter L, Ortelli F, Jensen B, Wang XL (2001) Identification of a novel class of insect glutathione S-transferases involved in resistance to DDT in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Biochem J 359:295–304
Ranson H, Burhani J, Lumjuan N, Black WC (2010) Insecticide resistance in dengue vectors. TropIKA.net:1–12
Rifai MA (1969) A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Commonw Mycol Inst Mycol Pap 116:1–56
Saleh MS, El Meniawi FA, Kelada NL, Zahran HM (2003) Resistance development in mosquito larvae Culex pipiens to the bacterial agent Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. J Appl Entomol 127:29–32
Salunkhe RB, Patil SV, Patil CD, Salunke BK (2011) Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Cochliobolus lunatus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109:823–831
Santhoshkumar T, Abdul Rahuman A, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Jayaseelan C, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitol Res 108:693–702
Santhoshkumar T, Abdul Rahuman A, Bagavan A, Marimuthu S, Jayaseelan C, Vishnu Kirthi A, Kamaraj C, Rajakumar G, Abduz Zahir A, Elango G, Velayutham K, Iyappan M, Siva C, Karthik L, Bhaskara Rao KV (2012) Evaluation of stem aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles using Cissus quadrangularis against Hippobosca maculate and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Exp Parasitol 132:156–165
Sastry M, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Kumar R (2003) Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete. Curr Sci 85:162–170
Sintubin L, Verstraete W, Boon N (2012) Biologically produced nanosilver: current state and future perspectives. Biotechnol Bioeng 109:2422–2436
Song HY, Ko KK, Oh IH, Lee BT (2006) Fabrication of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial mechanisms. Eur Cell Mater 11:59
Soni N, Prakash S (2012) Efficacy of fungus mediated silver and gold nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti larvae. Parasitol Res 110:175–184
SPSS (2007) SPSS for windows. Version 13.0.SPSS, Chicago
Sundaravadivelan C, Nalini M (2012) Biolarvicidal effect of phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit stem extract against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 1–8
Sundaravadivelan C, Nalini M, Sivaprasath P, Kishmu L (2013) Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Pedilanthus tithymaloides leaf extract with anti-developmental activity against larval instars of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112:303–311
Sur B, Nigam N, Joshi AK, Bihari V (2003) Characterization of mosquito larvicidal Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from soils of India. Indian J Biotechnol 2:268–270
Syed Ali M, Ravikumar S, Margaret Beula J (2012) Bioactivity of seagrass against the dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2(7):570–573
Tomass Z, Hadis M, Taye A, Mekonnen Y, Petros B (2011) Larvicidal effects of Jatropha curcas L. against Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidea). MEJS 3:52–64
Udayasoorian C, Vinothkumar K, Jayabalakrishnan RM (2011) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Cassia aurinculata. Dig J Nanomater Bios 6:279–283
Vahabi K, Mansoori GA, Karimi S (2011) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by fungus Trichoderma reesei (a route for large-scale production of AgNPs). Insciences J 1:65–79
Vaseeharan B, Clara Gunapoorani S, Lin YC, Chen JC (2012) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts and evaluation of antibacterial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus. Nanotechnol Dev 2:12–16
Vigneshwaran N, Ashtaputre NM, Varadarajan PV, Nachane RP, Paralikar KM, Balasubramanya RH (2007) Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Mater Lett 61:1413–1418
Vinay Gopal J, Thenmozhi M, Kannabiran K, Rajakumar G, Velayutham K, Abdul Rahuman A (2013) Actinobacteria mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Streptomyces sp. VITDDK3 and its antifungal activity. Mater Lett 93:360–362
Vinayachandra, Shwetha R, Chandrashekar KR (2011) Larvicidal activities of Knema attenuate (Hook.f. & Thomson) Warb. (Myristicaceae) extracts against Aedes albopictus Skuse and Anopheles stephensi Liston. Parasitol Res 109:1671–1676
Wijnhoven SWP, Peijnenburg WJGM, Herberts CA, Hagens WI, Oomen AG, Heugens EHW, Roszek B, Bisschops J, Gosens I, Meent DVD, Dekkers S, Jong WHD, Zijverden MV, Sips AJAM, Geertsma RE (2009) Nano-silver—a review of available data and knowledge gaps in human and environmental risk assessment. Nanotox 3:109–138
World Health Organization (1996) Report of the WHO informal consultation on the evaluation on the testing of insecticides. CTD/WHO PES/IC/96.l. WHO, Geneva:69
Yamanaka M, Hara K, Kudo J (2005) Bactericidal actions of a silver ion solution on Escherichia coli, studied by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7589–7593
Yang YC, Lee SG, Lee HK, Kim MK, Lee SH, Lee HS (2002) A piperidine amide extracted from Piper longum L. fruit shows activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. J Agr Food Chem 50:3765–3767
Zargar M, Hamid AA, Bakar FA, Shamsudin MN, Shameli K, Jahanshiri F, Farahani F (2011) Green synthesis and antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles using Vitex nugundo L. Molecules 16:6667–6676
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the management of Karpagam University for providing laboratory facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Thomas Braunbeck
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sundaravadivelan, C., Padmanabhan, M.N. Effect of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles from filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum against larvae and pupa of dengue vector Aedes aegypti L. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 4624–4633 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2358-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2358-6